CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
In Judy's case, What could be a potential cause of Judy's blood-injection-injury phobia?
Traumatic experience related to medical procedures
Which concept explains the ORIGINS of mental disorders and abnormal behavior?
Causation of Psychopathology
What does the Diathesis-Stress Model propose?
Mental disorders result from a combination of genetic vulnerability and stressors.
What is "diathesis" in the Diathesis-Stress Model?
A relatively distal necessary but not sufficient cause that predisposes someone to a disorder.
Can genes alone cause a mental disorder according to the Diathesis-Stress Model?
No, genetic vulnerability must be combined with stressors.
What activates inherited tendencies for certain behaviors or traits in the Diathesis-Stress Model?
Stress under specific conditions.
Which of the following describes the two types of models used to explain psychopathology?
One-dimensional and Multidimensional Models
What does the One-dimensional Model in explaining psychopathology focus on?
A single cause for a disorder.
Which of the following disorders is an example of a One-dimensional Model approach?
Huntington Disease (Chorea)
How does the ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL describe the relationship between cause and disorder?
It uses a linear approach with a single cause leading to the disorder.
What does the Multidimensional Model suggest about the causes of psychopathology?
Psychopathology can be caused by multiple, multiple influences/factor such influences are biological, behavior, social, emotional, and cognitive
Which of the following is an example of a Multidimensional Model approach?
Biopsychosocial Model
According to the MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL, how should mental disorders be examined?
Through the consideration of multiple perspectives and factors.
What is a key feature of the MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL in understanding psychopathology?
It involves a systematic examination of various interconnected factors.
Which of the following describes how behavioral influences contribute to psychopathology?
Abnormalities can develop due to learned responses to certain stimuli.
What are some factors considered in biological influences on psychopathology?
Biological dysfunctions, genetic vulnerabilities, and chemical imbalances.
Which example best illustrates a BIOLOGICAL MALFUNCTION that could contribute to psychopathology?
Hormonal imbalances and neurochemical disturbances
HOW CAN EMOTIONS TRIGGER BIOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTIONS according to the emotional influences perspective?
Emotions can trigger physical responses like vasovagal syncope and influence psychological changes.
Which example illustrates how a particular emotion can cause both physical and psychological changes?
Feeling fear that triggers increased heart rate and nervousness.
A PHYSICAL RESPONSE TRIGGERED BY FEAR OR STRESS that leads to a drop in heart rate and blood pressure, causing fainting.
vasovagal syncope
What is the relationship between emotions and behavior according to emotional influences?
Emotions can manifest as physical changes and influence both thought and behavior.
How does social influence contribute to psychopathological vulnerabilities?
It involves how people’s reactions and support can strengthen or contribute to mental health issues.
What is an example of SOCIAL INFLUENCE on psychopathology?
Receiving support from friends and family or seeking help from others.
Which of the following is an example of SOCIAL INFLUENCE contributing to psychopathological vulnerabilities?
The quality of relationships and support from family and friends.
How does DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCE affect an individual's reaction to situations?
It changes how a person reacts to events as they age and mature.
What does developmental influence refer to in the context of psychopathology?
Changes in how individuals react to events as they progress through different life stages.
Which aspect does "NATURE" refer to in the context of psychopathology?
Genetic factors and hereditary influences.
What does "NURTURE" refer to in understanding mental health?
Environmental factors and life experiences
What is Huntington's disease?
A genetic disorder causing degeneration in the brain, leading to changes in personality, cognition, and motor behavior.
Which statement is true about the role of heredity in mental disorders?
Heredity is an important predisposing factor for many mental disorders
What area of the brain is primarily AFFECTED by HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE?
The basal ganglia.
According to research, how significant is the genetic influence on mental disorders?
Genetic influence ranges from small to substantial for most mental disorders.
According to research, how significant is the genetic influence on mental disorders?
Genetic influence ranges from small to substantial for most mental disorders.
Where are CHROMOSOMES located?
Within the cell nucleus.
What is a DOMINANT GENE?
A gene that strongly influences a particular trait, even if paired with a different gene.
What must happen for a recessive gene to determine a trait?
It must be paired with another recessive gene.
What are abnormalities in the structure or number of chromosomes associated with?
Malfunctions and disorders, such as Down syndrome.
What has research in developmental genetics shown regarding chromosome abnormalities?
They can be associated with major defects or disorders.
How can the environment influence a child’s intellectual development, even if the child inherits a high IQ?
Lack of support and psychological trauma can affect the child’s potential, despite inheriting intelligence from parents.
What can be said about inheriting a mental disorder, such as depression?
Inheriting depression is influenced by both genetics and environmental factors.
What determines a person’s development in terms of mental health or intelligence?
Both inherited traits and the environment they grow up in.
What percentage of our IQ is heritable according to research?
60%.
What is a STRUCTURAL CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY?
A deformity in the structure of a gene on a specific chromosome.
What primarily influences personality traits and mental disorders?
Abnormalities in some of the genes or naturally occurring variations of genes known as polymorphisms
What does it mean for psychological traits and mental disorders to be multifactorial in origin?
They are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.
Why do genetic influences on behavior rarely express themselves in a simple and straightforward manner?
Because behavior is a product of both genetic factors and the environment.
What is a GENOTYPE?
An individual's total genetic endowment, or what they inherit.
What is a PHENOTYPE?
The observed structural and functional characteristics that result from the interaction of genes and the environment.
What does the Diathesis-Stress Model suggest about mental disorders?
Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress.
In the Diathesis-Stress Model, what is the role of "diathesis"?
It refers to a necessary or contributory cause that is not sufficient to cause a disorder on its own.
According to the Diathesis-Stress Model, what triggers a disorder?
A combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental stress.
According to the DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL, what happens when a person has a HIGH GENETIC VULNERABILITY (DIATHESIS)?
They need less stress to trigger a disorder.
What does the Diathesis-Stress Model suggest is necessary for a genetic vulnerability to manifest as a disorder?
Exposure to stressors that exceed an individual's tolerance level.
In the Diathesis-Stress Model, what role do stressors play?
Stressors can trigger the manifestation of a disorder when genetic vulnerabilities are present.
According to the Diathesis-Stress Model, when will a disorder manifest?
When both genetic vulnerability and stressors exceed an individual's tolerance level.
What happens if an individual with genetic vulnerability to depression is exposed to stress but does not reach their tolerance level?
The disorder will not manifest.
What could prevent the manifestation of a disorder even if someone has genetic vulnerability and is exposed to stressors?
Effective coping strategies and a strong support system.
In the Diathesis-Stress Model, what happens if someone with a SMALL genetic vulnerability is constantly EXPOSED to stress but has NOT YET REACHED their TOLERANCE LEVEL?
The disorder will not manifest until the tolerance level is reached.
Which of the following is a likely outcome if someone inherits 45% genetic vulnerability to depression and is highly exposed to stress?
The depression will manifest if the individual's tolerance level is exceeded.
What is the role of stress in the Diathesis-Stress Model?
Stress triggers the manifestation of a disorder when genetic vulnerability reaches the tolerance level.
What does the Gene-Environment Correlation Model suggest about individuals with HIGHER GENETIC VULNERABILITY?
They are more likely to experience stressful life events.
In the Gene-Environment Correlation Model, what makes two individuals react differently to the same stressor?
The amount of genetic vulnerability they have inherited.
These are changes that do NOT OCCUR ON THE GENE ITSELF but can CHANGE the EXPRESSION of gene brought by the ENVIRONMENT. which can be PASSED down to the NEXT GENERATION.
Epigenetics
What could happen if a person with healthy genes is exposed to harmful substances like drugs and toxins?
Their genes may change and they could pass unhealthy genes to their children
Which of the following could affect the expression of genes according to epigenetics?
Stress and nutrition.
What does "NONGENOMIC" mean in terms of psychopathology?
Environmental factors can override genetic influences.
Why might a high IQ not protect someone from psychopathology?
Because exposure to environmental factors like stress and trauma can still lead to disorders.
Which of the following can OVERRIDE genetic factors in the development of a disorder?
Traumatic experiences and stressors.
What is necessary for a genetic predisposition to develop into a mental disorder?
It must be combined with stressors or environmental factors.
In the diathesis-stress model, what does "diathesis" refer to?
Inherited tendencies or genetic predispositions
Why do only a few people with a parent who has schizophrenia develop the disorder?
Because genetic predisposition alone is not enough to cause schizophrenia.
What does neuroscience study in relation to psychopathology?
The structure and function of the human brain and nervous system.
What can abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems lead to?
Mental disorders, even without brain damage.
How can damage to the brain affect behavior?
It can cause psychological or behavioral problems, like memory loss or depression.
What can cause DISRUPTION in BRAIN FUNCTIONS ?
Physical injuries or biochemical imbalances.
What can BIOCHEMICAL IMBALANCES in neurotransmitters LEAD to?
Psychological disorders.
What does the AUTONOMIC part of the Peripheral Nervous System control?
Involuntary muscles and functions.
What is the primary role of the PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
Conserves energy.
Which part of the Peripheral Nervous System is responsible for EXPANDING ENERGY?
Sympathetic nervous system.
What does the SOMATIC part of the Peripheral Nervous System control?
Voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the central nervous system.
What is the ROLE of NEUROTRANSMITTERS in neuronal communication?
They carry chemical information across the synapse between neurons.
Which neuron RELEASES neurotransmitters into the synapse?
Presynaptic neuron.
What happens to neurotransmitters AFTER they have BOUND to receptors on the adjacent neuron?
They are broken down or reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.
How are NEUTROTRANSMITTERS RELEASED into the synapse?
The sacs merge with the outer membrane of the neuron after an electric jolt.
How can an imbalance in neurotransmitters LEAD to ABNORMAL BRHAVIOR?
Excessive production or release of neurotransmitters into the synapse
Which of the following can contribute to neurotransmitter IMBALANCES?
Dysfunction in deactivation of neurotransmitter in the synapse.
What is the ROLE of an AGONIST in neurotransmitter function?
Effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects.
What is the FUNCTION of an ANTAGONIST in neurotransmitter activity?
Decrease, or block, a neurotransmitter.
Which neurotransmitter class includes NOREPINEPHRINE, SEROTONIN, and DOPAMINE?
Monoamines
Which neurotransmitter class includes GABA and GLUTAMATE?
Amino acids