chapter 1 prelim grammar teaching
according to him your grammar is a reflection of your image. good or bad you have made an impression. and like all impressions, you are in total control.
jeffrey gitomer
a. grammar and grammaring
it is what one knows about a language–the phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
grammar
a. grammar and grammaring
this is what we do with language including speaking listening writing and reading.
language skills
a. grammar and grammaring
according to her that grammar should be seen as a skill rather than purely competence. she postulated grammaring to be the fifth skill together with listening speaking reading and writing and referred to grammaring as the ability to accurately, meaningfully, and appropriately use grammar structures.
Larsen-Freeman
a. grammar and grammaring
it is much more than knowing rules though it is part of the construct.
grammar
a. grammar and grammaring
it involves sensitivity to usage because grammar is more flexible than we think.
grammaring
who is the french linguist who introduced the concept of grammaticalization
antoine meillet
it is described as the process by which grammar is created or the study of this process. it involves the reduction and increase dependency.
grammaticalization
a. grammaticalization or dramaticalizing
it is also known as phonetic erosion or phonological reduction in which it is an expression in linguistics that losses phonetic substance if it undergoes grammaticalization
reduction
c. error correction vs feedback
____ is usually refer to slip students commit which they can correct theirselves one's pointed out to them. _ on the other hand students cannot correct themselves and therefore need an explanation.
_ it helps students to reshape their knowledge to then telling them outrightly they are wrong.
mistakes
errors
feedback
c. error correction vs feedback
_ confirms the students response' correctness.
_ correct stick faulty language behavior of students.
positive feedback
negative feedback
c. error correction vs feedback
examples of positive feedback
_ i like how you pronounce the language can you try it once more so that it sounds more like it is pronounced in english?
_ amazing, bravo, excellent
_ teacher applauds students in front of the class
confirmation
praise
teacher's request to repeat
c. error correction vs feedback
indirect or direct negative feedback (implicit or explicit strategies)
_ teacher says oh yesterday i also went shopping
_ excuse me?
recasts
clarification requests
c. error correction vs feedback
indirect or direct negative feedback (implicit or explicit strategies)
_you should say, the right verb form is
_teacher providing information without giving the correct form. teacher requests to repeat with corrective intent
direct
correct answer feedback
guided/metalinguistic feedback
d. spoken vs written grammar
in spoken grammar _ like don't i'll wouldn't or allowed but are strictly not appropriate for reading grammar. while the inclusion of slang words were colloquialism can be allowed in spoken grammar.
contractions
d. spoken versus reading grammar.
_ is more dynamic and immediate because the speaker may commit many grammatical errors that can never be possible and acceptable in written grammar
spoken grammar
it is a fundamental aspect of teaching that helps determines student proficiency and language and it can also be used to help identify the strengths and weaknesses of learners.
grammatical assessment