Global City
it is a city primary node in the global economic network
_ a phenomenon mostly associated with it large diverse cities attracting people material and cultural products from all over the world
has the power to affect global issues and change the global outlook
called the cities in doubt with relevant competitive advantages and that serve as the axis of a globalized economic system
their cities forged by the double effect of a constantly growing urbanization and the pressure of the economic and social process of globalization
_ in her book _ (1991)
global city
cosmopolitanism
saskia Sassen (the global city) 1991
this _ cities are the world's leading economic and financial centers. they are hubs for financial markets and are characterized by large populations in a high concentration of wealth and talent.
six
global giants
this _ cities are not as wealthiest of global giants however they leverage attributes such as infrastructure connectivity and talented work forces to attract the most foreign direct investment FDI out of any other metro grouping.
six
asian anchors
this _ cities are large business and transportation hubs for major national and regional markets in _,_,_,_. well they have grown to reach middle income status they fall behind the other global cities on many key competitiveness factors such as GDP and FDI.
28
emerging gateways
africa
asia
latin america
the middle east
there are _ second and third tier chinese cities reliant on export manufacturing to power economic growth and international engagement. although this displays a GDP growth rate that is well above average it fails to reach average levels to of innovation talent and connectivity. examples are _,_,_
22
factory china
shenyang, changchun, chengdu
these are _ mid sized cities in the US and Europe that are considered centers of innovation with elite research universities producing talented workforces
19
knowledge capitals
this _ midsized US metro areas are relatively wealthy and how strong universities as well as other anchor institutions.
16
american middleweights
These _ cities span across several continents internationally connected by human and investment capital flow. like their american middleweights counterparts, growth has load for this city since the 2008 recession.
26
international middleweights
these are the primary nodes in the global economic network
alpha cities
these are ones with a moderate economic connection with the world economy
Beta cities
these are ones with the minor economic connection with the world economy
gamma cities
characteristics of a global city
a variety of _ notably in finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy and marketing.
_ of several multinational corporations
the existence of _ a stock exchange and major financial institutions .
denomination of the _ of a large rounding area
_ with port and container facilities
considerable _ on a daily basis and our global level
centers of _ in business economics culture and politics.
CRITICISM
this city is have been accused of focusing their reach to _ and neglecting cities within the national outreach
financial services
headquarters
financial headquarters
trade and economy
major manufacturing centers
decision making power
new ideas and innovation
other global cities
wire global cities important
the ones that best enter _. they are integrated into the world dynamics of economic exchange cultural and demographic flow and new technologies.
they are the _ : the most complex innovation processes the scientific technological summits to take place there. they are the ones that invest the most in university research and that concentrate the most transnational capital.
the panorama of globalization
urban spearhead of the new millennium
negative impact of global cities to its cosmopolitan population
surging prices of real estate/falling housing affordability
residential hypermobility
long working hours
competitive and precarious labor market
traffic congestions long/ commuting hours
urban anonymity/ relative social isolation
crime incidence
categorization of the global cities
first tier 3
second 5
third 7
fourth 2
First Tier (Top Global Cities)
L – London
NY – New York
T – Tokyo
Second Tier (Major Global Cities)
M – Milan (or Munich depending on your list — but Milan is more common)
LA – Los Angeles
F – Frankfurt
A – Amsterdam
S – Singapore
Third Tier (Emerging/Secondary Global Cities)
P – Paris (but Paris is normally 1st tier — if your model is different, I’ll follow your list)
M – Madrid
S – Seoul
S – Sydney
B – Bangkok
T – Toronto
MC – Mexico City
Fourth Tier (Regional Global Cities)
Osaka–Kobe
HK – Hong Kong (though Hong Kong is usually 1st tier in most models, but I'll stick to your list)