approaches and methods in language teaching
it is the process of acquiring the ability to understand speak read and write in a new language.
teachers use _ and _ to help learners succeed each based on different theories about how people learn best.
language learning
different methods and approaches
it is the theoretical foundation for language teaching, based on beliefs about how languages learned and how a language should be taught.
this provides principles which gives rise to methods.
approach
the practical and systematic application of an approach.
it answers how will i teach based on my approach?
it is the plan or system used to implement approach in the classroom.
method
who are the proponents of grammar translation method GTM
johann valentine meidinger
Karl plotz
johann gottfried seume
heinrich gottfried ollendorff
this method brief characteristics
the students native language is the medium of instruction
grammar is thought deductively
accuracy is emphasized
grammar rules are presented and illustrated, a list of vocabularies presented with their translation equivalent
reading and writing are the major focus with little or no systematic attention to speaking and listening
more on memorizing rules and facts in order to understand and manipulate the morphology and syntax of the language
grammar translation method GTM
an example of this method is
ella persiguió al perro
she chased the dog
grammar translation method
this method does not have a single inventor but it was popularized in the late 19th century particularly by maximilian berlitz
direct method
it is the proponent of direct method a german american language teacher and founder of the berlitz language school
maximilian berlitz
this method characteristics
grammar was thought inductively
classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language
influence by natural language acquisition theories
lessons are based on practical situations and real life conversations
the teacher often uses a question and answer technique to engage students and reinforce vocabulary and grammar
teacher's model the language and students mimic and repeat
direct method
it is a way of teaching a language by listening speaking and repeating. it focuses on forming good speaking habits through lots of practice
audio lingual method ALM
this methods brief characteristics
repetition and drills
language learning is seen as a habit that develops through practice and reinforcement
accurate pronunciation, intonation, and rhythm are important
lesson certain only in a target language
the teacher controls the class, gives instructions ,models, pronunciation, and leads all activities
audio lingual method ALM
it is a method of teaching languages that focuses on helping students communicate in real life situations. the main goal is communication not just grammar or vocabulary memorization
communicative approach
the communicative approach or _ doesn't have a single proponent but it was developed and promoted by several key linguists and educators in the 1970s
communicative language teaching CLT
who are the main proponents of the communicative approach
dell hymes in american sociolinguist
michael halliday a british linguist
christopher candlin and henry widdowson
david wilkins
this proponent of communicative approach introduce the idea of communicative competence knowing not just grammar but how to use language in real life situations. his work laid the theoretical foundation for CLT
dell hymes american sociolinguist
this proponent of communicative approach emphasize the functional use of language, language is used to do things like request advise and apologize
influence idea that language should be taught for communication not just form.
michael halliday british languist
this proponent of communicative approach suggested a functional notional syllabus where languages taught based on functions like asking agreeing and notions like time and quantity.
david wilkins
this proponent of communicative approach help apply communicative ideas to language teaching and materials development. _ promoted the idea of learning language through use not through isolated drills.
christopher candlin and henry widdowson
widdowson
the brief characteristics of this method is
focus on communication
use of real life situations
fluency over accuracy
student centered
authentic materials
communicative approach
the proponent of this method is dr james asher an american psychologist who whom developed it in the 1960s.
he believed that language learning is more effective when it involves body movement and reduces stress
total physical response TPR
who is the proponent of total physical response in which he believed that language learning is more effective than it involves body movement and reduces stress
dr james asher and american psychologist
the main idea of this method is that
learn a language the way children learn their first language by listening and doing
total physical response TPR
the brief characteristics of this method is
students listen to commands and respond with physical actions
students don't need to speak right away, first they listen, then act, and later they will naturally start speaking when they feel ready.
they respond by doing actions not by speaking. speaking is not forced it happens naturally after enough listening
total physical response
an example of this method is when a teacher says
stand up" - students stand
touch your head" - students touch their heads
walk to the door" - students walk to the door
sit down" - student sit
total physical response
this is the proponent of silent way, a french egyptian educator and mathematician developed it in the 1960s which he believed that learning is best when students discover things for themselves rather than being told
caleb gattegno
this method is a language teaching method where the teacher talks as little as possible in the students to know most of the talking. it encourages learners to discover the language for themselves instead of being told everything.
"students learn best by figuring things out on their own"
silent way
the brief characteristics of this method
teachers should do less so learners can do more
students figure out grammar and vocabulary through trial and error
stitches use colored rods sound color charts and word charts to help students learn visually
students are encouraged to correct themselves instead of relying on the teacher
silent way
an example of tool used in the silent way is
_ small colored rods used to represent words sounds or sentence structures
cuisenaire rods
the proponent of this method is a bulgarian psychiatrist and educator who developed it in the 1970s specialized in psychotherapy memory and learning. he believed that relaxation music and suggestion could unlock the brain's full learning potential
dr georgi lozanov
suggestopedia
the main idea of this method is that people can learn languages much faster when they are relaxed, feel confident, and are in a positive, supportive environment
suggestopedia
the brief characteristics of this method is
student sit in comfortable chairs in a calm relaxed setting
soft background music is used to help students relax and focus
the students read dialogues while listening to music
the teacher uses encouraging words and actions to build confidence
mistakes are accepted students are not forced to speak immediately
suggestopedia
this method does not have a single specific proponent but it is a general approach to learning and reasoning that has been used across many fields including philosophy science and language education for centuries.
the proponent of this is a key figure in developing this method in science and promoted a learning through observation and evidence moving from specific examples to general rules.
inductive method
francis bacon
the brief characteristics of this method is
students learn rules by first seeing examples rather than being told to rule directly
students observe patterns and examples and figure out the rule themselves
students are active in discovering the grammar or concept
students remember rules better because they figure them out
inductive method
this method in language teaching focuses on helping learners develop an emotional and aesthetic appreciation of a language especially through literature culture and expressive use of the language.
it is less about grammar drills or wrote memorization and more about engaging with authentic text like poems stories place to foster aesthetic sensitivity cultural understanding and personal response
appreciation method
the brief characteristics of this method is
learners are exposed to high quality literary works in the target language
emphasis is placed on feeling and responding to the language
learners gain and understanding of the culture values and traditions embedded in the language through its artistic use
students are encouraged to analyze interpret and discuss text often sharing personal opinions or feelings about them
learners may engage in creative activities like writing their own poems acting out scenes or adapting stories using the language imaginatively
appreciation method
this method is a language teaching method developed in 1970s by an american psychologist and jesuit priest.
this is most effective when learners feel emotionally secure and supported like members of a close community with the teacher reacting as a counselor who guides them toward independence.
community language learning CLL
charles A. Curran
the brief characteristics of this method are
focuses on the learner as a whole person (feelings, needs, and confidence)
students work together and support each other
learners move from dependence on the teacher to independence
the teacher listens supports and responds to learner needs instead of lecturing
community language learning