pcol heart failure
the main pumping chambers of the heart
ventricle
the sac surrounding the heart
pericardium
causes reduction in heart’s muscle mass due to damage
myocardial infraction
chronic pressure overload causes heart to enlarge (ventricular hypertrophy) and weaken
Hypertension
Stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) of heart valves forces the heart to work harder.
Valvular heart disease
Persistent abnormal heart rhythms (e.g., atrial fibrillation, tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmia) impair cardiac function
Arrhythmias
Structural defects present at birth can overload the heart
Congenital heart disease
Constrictive pericarditis or cardiac tamponade can restrict filling
Pericardial diseases
Characterized by systolic dysfunction or decreased contractility, meaning the heart muscle is weakened and stretched.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Accelerates atherosclerosis and contributes to diabetic cardiomyopathy
Diabetes mellitus
Increase strain on the heart
Obesity and metabolic syndrome
Fluid overload and hypertension worsen heart function
Chronic kidney disease
Hyperthyroidism increases demand; hypothyroidism reduces heart contractility
Thyroid disorders
Pulmonary hypertension from COPD, sleep apnea, or interstitial lung disease can cause right-sided heart failure
Chronic lung disease (cor pulmonale)
Excess alcohol, cocaine, chemotherapy drugs (e.g., doxorubicin, trastuzumab) can damage heart muscle
Alcohol, drugs, toxins
Viral myocarditis or Chagas disease can weaken the heart
Infections
Thiamine deficiency (beriberi), selenium deficiency
Nutritional deficiencies
The left ventricle loses its ability to contract effectively
Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
Blood cannot be pumped out properly.
Systolic Heart Failure
The left ventricle becomes stiff and cannot relax well, so it doesn’t fill with enough blood.
Diastolic Heart Failure
structural and functional changes in the heart in response to injury, stress, or increased workload.
Cardiac remodeling
thin,weak heart muscle
systolic heart failure
thick,stiff heart muscle
diastolic heart failure
Failure of the left ventricle to pump blood to the body
left-sided heart failure
Often secondary to left-sided HF or lung disease (cor pulmonale: enlargement of right-side of heart due to pulmonary HTN)
right sided heart failure