Ipm 2
Quarantine Regulation and legislation
RA 3027 of march 8 1922 Plant Quarantine Law of the Philippines
The characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under condition that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same species (Painter R. H, 1972)
Those heritable characteristics possessed by the plant which influence the ultimate degree of damage done by the insect (Maxwell F. G., 1972)
Host Plant Resistance
Xeno”-means guest
type of resistance where insect will not accept for feeding and breeding even if there is ng alternative source
resistance mechanisms employed by the plant to deter or reduce colonization by insects
host plant characters responsible for non-preference of the insects for shelter, oviposition, feeding, etc.
denote presence of morphological or chemical factor which alter insect behavior resulting In poor establishment of the insect
Antixenosis (non acceptance)
resistance mechanisms that operates after the insects have colonized and have started utillzing the plant
Adverse effect of the host plant on the biology (surviyal, development, and reproduction) of the insects and their progeny due to the biochemical and biophysical factors present in it
✔ It may be due to;
a. presence of toxic substance
b. absence of sufficient amount of essential nutrients
C. Nutrient imbalance/ improper utilization of nutrient
Antibiosis
from the neem tree -
the most promising insecticides against insect.
botanical several
Azadiracthin
it is from the derris obtained from the roots derris elliptica.
Rotenone
it is found in the leaves of the
chrysanthemum species.
Pyrethrum
are neurotoxins
Pyrethroid
are feeding different for a number of arthrapods including cucumber leaf bettle stemborer and red spider mites.
and
Cucurbitacins
▼resistance mechanismsthat protectsthe pants against insect population which would damage a susceptible host variety
Ability of the plant to grow and reproduce and even repair injury to a marked degree inspite of supporting a population approximately equal to that damaging a susceptible host
Plant is damage but there is no economic yield loss or lowering of quality
Tolerance
✔ alterations in plant growth patterns in asynchronies of insect-plant result phonologies
✔ Resistance which is the result of transitory character potentially susceptible host
Ecological Resistance (Pseudoresistance)
Types of Ecological Resistance
host pass through most susceptible stage quickly or at a time when insect number are reduced (Ex. Early maturity, late planting, late maturity)
Host Evasion
Types of Ecological Resistance
temporarily increased resistance resulting from condition of plant environment (Ex. Soil moisture, fertility)
Induced resistance
Types of Ecological Resistance
3. Escape - lack of infestation due to inadequate pest
load
Escape
•The use of lving organism(s) for the control of pests.
Biological control
(import and release beneficial organism of exotic pest)
Classical Approach
(rear and release periodically beneficial organisms, applicable to exotic & endemic pest)
Augmentation
(natural predators, parasites/parasitoids and diseases (pathogen)
Natural Biological Control
MECHANISM OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• Parasitism
(Ex. entomophagous insects)
Hyperparasitism
(Ex. antagonistic fungi)
Mycoparasitism
predator/prey relationship
Predation
not enough resource
competition
cross protection, systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
•
induced resistance
production of anti-microbial substances
Antibiosis
a biological interaction where a predator (an animal that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the animal that is attacked).
Predation
•These are themain agents used in biological
control
organism is one that eats insects
Entomophagous Insects
relationship of two or more different organisms in a close association that may be, but is not necessarily of benefit to each
to live together, Iiving together
• nutritional relationship
• interactions between two different species
• derived from the Greek words
"sym" means together "bio" means life
SYMBIOSIS
TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS
• - if the relationship is of mutual benefit to both species.
Mutualism
one species benefits and the other does not but is not harmed.
Commensalism
CHEMICAL CONTROL AND BIOPESTICIDES FORMULATIONS OF PESTICIDES
• Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC), Granular (G), Wettable Powder (WP)
The inherent capacity of a known amount of substance needed to produce injury to organisms
Toxicity
- is an intense and rapid killing of the organism. The word acute is used to mean "intense" or "penetrating”
Acute toxicity
- is slow acting. The word chronic is used to mean "of long duration" or "continuing for a long time"
Chronic Toxicity
The Degree of toxicity can be determined through the symbols or signal words printed on the label as followS:.
Toxicity symbols
Danger, skul, cross bones, poison
Highly Toxic
Warming,skull, cross bones,
poison
.
moderately toxic
Caution, poison
slightly toxic
caution
relatively non toxic
through the digestive system
stomach poison
Contact with treated surfaces such plant foliage
Contact poison
- through the respiratory system
fumigants
move through the plant's vascular system
Systemic poisons
- Kills Pests by suffocating them
Physical poison
- are substances that regulate insect development and prevent them from reaching maturity
Juvenile Hormones
- are natural chemical substances in plants and animals that control their growth and are usually specific in action.
Growth regulators
- are substances used for communication between individuals of the same species in the form of natural sex-attractants or sex pheromones, food attractants and repellents (deterrents) are synthesized. Insect Behavior-Related Techniques" e.g Methyl Eugenol as Food Attractant.
Pheromones