Unit 2 Bio - Quiz Digestive System
Macromolecules and Living Systems
- Organisim use nutrient/MM for growth, maintenance and repair
- Four main groups ; Carbs, Lipids, Protiens and Nucleic acid
- Metbaolism ; Total of all Chemical reactions that occur in an organisim using MM
What is Anabolism
- Build up of molecules using dehydration synthesis reaction, realeses water
What is Catabolism
- Breakdown of molecules using hydrolysis reaction, these reactions require water.
Carbohydrates
- Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
- 2 main types, Simple surgars and plolysaccharides.
- Act as a main source of energy, building material for cells
Simple Sugars:
- Monosaccharides ; such as glucose, fructose, galactose
-- > Ratio: C : H : 0 is 1 : 2 : 1
- Disacchardies ; such as sucrose, maltose, lactose
- Made up of glycosidic linkage
Polysaccharides:
--> Starch ( energy storage in plants like potatoes)
--> Cellulose ( AKA fibre, make up cell walls in plant cells)
--> Glycogen ( engery storage in liver and muscles)
3 categories for Lipids
1. Triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
How are lipids held tg
Easter Bonds
Triglycerdies (Lipid)
- Includes satruated and unsaturated fatty acid
- Roles include ; Energy storage, insulate organs, temp regulation
Phospholipids (Lipid)
- Make up structural component of cell membrane
Steroids (Lipid)
- Make up sex hormnes
- Waxes = protective layer on leaves, fruits and veggies, feathers, fun
Protiens
- Made up of amino acids
- Many functions ; enzymes, antibodies, structural, hormones
- Held tg by peptide bonds
Role of Enzymes
- Break down nutrients/MM into their simpler subunits and can also build up molecules
- Work best at paticular temp and PH
- Name of enzyme often use the name of its subtance and end in -ase
- Ex: lactose breaks down lactose
Roles of Water
- Transport materials
- Flush Toxins
- Lubrication
- Component of blood and mucus
- Regulation of body temp
- Waste material elimination
Nucleic Acids
Subunit is the nucleotide : phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base (adenine, thyme, guanine, cytosine)
Animal Feeding Mechanisims
- Must use various processes and behaviours to search for, obtain and take in their food
Filter Feeders:
- Aquatic Animals
- Uses a structure similar to a filter basket to gather small organisim such as protists, bacteria and larvae
Ex: Flamingoes, Clams, Balem Whales
Fluid Feeders
- Suck or lick nutrient rich fluids from live plants or animals
- Mouth parts are designed to pierce or rip tissue in order to such/lick
Ex: Mosquitoes, Spiders , bees
Bulk Feeders
- Many animals and most vertebrates
- Ingest larger peices of food, sometimes whole
- May use tentacles, claws, jaws, teeth, to kill prey, or just take in mouthfulls of animals or plants
Four Stages of Food processing
Ingestion: taking in of food
Digestion: Mechanical and Chemical breakdown of food into nutrients
Aborption : Nutrients transported into circulatory System and the rest of the body
Elimination: removal or undisested solid waste mater.
Alimentary Canal
- Long tube that makes up the digestive tract of most animals
- Consist of mouth end and anus end
- Diff regions of the tube are specialized to process the food in diff ways
Length of the Digestive tract
- herbivores and omnivores generally have longer tracts than carnivores due to the need for extra digestion needed to break down cellulose.
Digestive Tract In Order
1. Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Stomach
4. Small Intestiave
5. Large Intestine
6. Rectume
7. Anus
Accessory Organs
- Salvary Gland --> Pancrease
- Liver
- Gall Bladder
Mouth
- Salivary Glands : produce saliva containing water (soften and molsters tissue) mucus and enzymes such as anylase (breaks down starches into simple sugars (CD)
- Teeth (Incisors, Canines, Molars) break down food into smaller pieces (MD)
- Tounge helps roll food into blous, ready for swallowing
Esophagus:
- Bolus enter pharynx and then into esophagus
- Esophagus puished food using peristalsis wave like muscular contractions
Stomach
- J-Shaped muscular organ wtih inner folds called rugae
- Ring of muscle aat top of stomach called esophageal sphincter, bottom called pyloric sphincter
- Secretes gastric juices (Salts, Enzymes, water, mucus) to chemically break down food, which is its main function
- Resulting mixture is called chyme
- Pepsin : breaks down protiens in highly acidic environments
Small Intestine
- About 7m long and divided into 3 parts (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
- Coverd in microscopic finger - like projections called villi
- Increase surface area and absob nutrients which is its main function
- Enzymes such as trypsin continue to brefak down protiens in a highly basic environment
What are the 3 Accessory organs
-- > Pancrease
-- > Livers
-- > Gallbalder
Pancreas:
- Contains enzymes (trypsin, amylase, lipsae) and chemical released into small intestines to ensure a basic environment in the small intestine
- Also releases iunsulin to regulate bloods sugar levels
Liver:
- Contain gall bladder full of bile
- Bile ; Contains bile salts needed for mechanical fat breakdown
- Stores glycogen and detoxifies substances (alchohol, drugs)
Large Intestine
- Also kown as a colon, 1.5m in length
- Main function is to absorb water bulk into blood
- Fibre helps with bowel movements and removal of wastes and toxins
- Bacteria break down undigested matter, and produce important bitamins (B, K)
- Stored in rectum until elimination through anal sphincter and anus
- Parastaltise works in your large intestine
Peptic Ulcers (Digestive Disorder)
- A sore lining of stomach or deodenum
- Pain, bloating, nausea
- Caused by bacteria Helicobacter pylor ; interfers with stomach mucus production
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Digestive Disorder)
- Inflammation of the intestines
- No cure, but treated with diet and medicnes
- Crohn's Disease ; poor growth, thin bones, poor muscle development
- Ulcerative Colitis ; sores in colon, loose body and bloody stools, abdominal pain
Constipation
- Infrequent bowel movements that are dry small and difficult
- Can lead to hemrrhoids
- Causes Include : Lack of fibre, poor diet, lack of exervise, lack of water
- Opposite of constipation is diarrhea, this can quicklyy lead to dehydration
Hepatitis ; inflammation of liver
3 types: (Caused by chronic alcohlism, and type C, only cure is transplant)
A : contaminated water (vaccine avalible)
B : Sexual Contact ( Vaccine avalible)
C : Infected blood ( no vaccine)
Gallstones
- Gall bladder stores bile
- Cholesterol forms crystals in gall bladder
- Caused by : Obesity, Alchhol, Herredity
- Treatment : medications, ultrashocks, surgical removal
Diabetes
- Condition in which body is unable to use glucose for energy
3 Types:
Type 1: Pancreas unable to produce insulin, usually in kids young adults
Type 2 : body makes inadequent insulin, or can't use insulin, usually obese adults
Destational Diabetes : During pregnancy