Psych 104 Mid term 1
What is the mind
Internal state of process
Goals of Psych
1. Describe how people and animals behave
2. To explain and understand the causes between the behaviours
3. To predict how people and animals will behave under certain conditions
4. To control behaver through knowledge of its causes
Hippocrates
First know Psychologist to study
The 4 humors from humanism and temperatants
Black bile (Melancholic: independent, sad, introverted)
Blood (Sanguine: Cheerful, impulsive, optimistic)
Yellow bile ( Choleric: angry, ambitious, energetic)
Phlegm (Phlegmatic: Sluggish, relaxed, content)
what did Galen do
Came after Hippocrates and perfected his work creating the termperants which was pretty big at the time because an overide in temperants explain mood sways and stuff
Substance dualism
mind and body are capable of causally affecting each other
Rene Descartes
minds and bodies are distinct substances that interact, minds are immaterial, and bodies are material. He couldn't doubt that he thinks because he cannot doubt the doubter, therefore he exists. "I think therefore, I am"
Steven Blankaart
Basically created the word Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
Established psychology as a distinct discipline from physiology and Philosophy
he believed that the goal of psychology
was to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious
experience
Structuralism vs functionalism
Structuralism studied the contents of the mind through the use of lab experiments and introspection and Its focus was on the contents of mental processes rather than their function Pinoeered by Willaim James Functionalism, on the other hand, was more interested in using direct observation and fieldwork in order to better understand the adaptive function of behavior and n how mental activities helped an organism fit into its
environment
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis
Tried to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinates of behaviours Notable point in history truly created the unconscious. Ideas were very crazy but people believed them because he was a good writer and very consistant
Occams Razor
Ockham that says that if you have two competing ideas to explain the same phenomenon, you should prefer the simpler one.
John B. Watson
Established the idea around behaviourism and study observable behaviour
Behaviourism
Theoretical orientation with the premise that scientific psychology should study observable behaviour. The philosophy of the science of behaviour
Animals a huge apart of this study
Stimulus
causes a change in an organism's behaviour
Who and what Humanistic perspective
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities in humans
Sociocultural Pysch
An area of research that focuses on how social and cultural aspects of the environment influence behaviour
Development Psych
Focuses on development of the human race throughout a life-time
Clinical Psych
The Branch of Psych concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of Psych problems and disorders; grew out of WWII that trauma could not be ignored because of the mental scaring the soldiers experienced
Cognative Psych
An approach to scientific psychology
psychologists to infer unobservable constructs on the basis
of observable phenomena
Native realism
The idea of that we see the world precisly as it is
What and who created the sicenticif method
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis and a method of gaining knowledge
Deductive statement
Argument in where the conclusion nessicilly follows the premise
Inductive statement
It is imporbable that the conclusions is false given that the premises are true. Used to develope for science to create theories
What is a law
A statemnet based on repeated experiment observations that describes some part of nature
Theory
A hypothesis is tested and has come to a conlusion from that hypothesis. Creating a theory. hypothesises come from facts
Dependant Variable
Variable in which the outcome of the experiment is measured
Independant variable
expected to affect the dependant variable know as the manipulate dvraible
Operational definition
A description of a variable in terms of the operations used to establish or measure that variable
Central tendancy
Most typically used data set. Spilts into 3 parts. Mean, mode, median
The mode
The value that occurs with the greatest frequency
The Median
The middled number in a set of data
The Mean
The number of an item in the average amount. E.I how many red M&Ms were in 9 bags. Basically the average
Deviations
How far away the data is away from the mean. x - u.
Standard deviation
a measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. In a noraml distrubtion graph which is has the mean in the middle and 50% of the rest of the data to the left and right.
Skewness
Sometimes normal distrubtion cannot alwasy work in the real world, and in these graphs median and mode can be more accurate for central tendancy. the peak of the grpah wil be the mode .
Modailty
How mnay peaks the graph can have. Bimodail is two peaks and can skew to the left or right aswell for unimodial. Mean and Standard devation only works for symetrical unimodal disrtbutions
Descriptive research
Data collection that does not interfere with the rea world
Correlational Research
Looks for relationship between variables
Experimental reasearch
Maniplutes variables in a controlled manner to isolate causes
Reliability
Consisantantcy of measuring
Vaildity
To what extend is something being measured to what its actually measuring. E.I ploygraph machines measure blood and heart rate, but they actually are tyring to measure if someone is lying
Plocebo
Someone tells you something that ill make you feel better but in reality it has nothing in it
Nocebo
when someone makes you believe something someone says mind to mind transmission
Demand characteristics
Cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researchers hypothesis
Research Ethics board
A committee of researchers and officials at an institution charged with
the protection of human research participants.
Ensure that researchers abide by the rules of the Tri-Council Policy
Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans.
Deception
When you do not tell the participants about the experiment to not affect the results