Digestive Systems
an/o
anus, ring
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
col/o, colon/o
colon, large intestine
-emesis
vomiting
enter/o
small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach, belly
hepat/o
liver
-lithiasis
presence of stones
-pepsia
digest, digestion
-phagia
eating, swallowing
proct/o
anus rectum
rect/o
rectum, straight
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
aerophagia
the excsessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach
anastomosis
a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures; plural anatomoses
antiemetic
medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
aphthous ulcers
grey white pits with a red border that appear in the soft tissues lining the mouth; also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
bariatrics
the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
borborygmus
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
cachexia
a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occures in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS.
celiac disease
an inhearited autoimmune disorder charachterized by a severe reation to food containing gluten; gluten intolerance.
cheilosis
a disorder of the lips characterized by cracklike sores at the corners of the mouth
cholangiography
a radiograghic examination of the bile ducts with the ise of a contrast medium.
cholangitis
an acute inflamation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice.
cholecystectomy
the surgical removal of the gallbladder.
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones.
choledocholithotomy
an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones
cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
cirrhosis
a progressive degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring.
colonoscopy
the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon, from the rectum to the cecum.
colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface.
crohns disease
a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, however it is most found in the ileum and in the colon
dental prophylaxis
the professional cleaning of teeth to remove plaque and calclus.
diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon
diverticulosis
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon
dyspepsia
pain or discomfort in digestion; also known as indigestion
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
enema
the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
eructation
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper gi tract, this includes esophagus, stomach and upper duodenum
gastroduodenostomy
the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
gastroesophageal reflux disease
the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus; also known as GERD
gastrostomy tube
the surgical placement of a feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach
hematemesis
the vomiting of blood
hemoccult test
a lab test for hidden blood in the stools, fecal occult blood test
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
herpes labialis
blister like sores on the lips and adjacent tissue caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type one (HSV-1) also known as cold, sores, or fever blisters
hiatal hernia
an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest through a opening in the diaphragm.
hyperemesis
Extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
ileus
The partial or complete blockage of the small intestine, large intestine, or both caused by the stopping of normal peristalsis.
inguinal hernia
the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower absominal wall or groin.
jaundice
a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood.
leukoplakia
An abnormal white precancerous lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek.
melena
the passage of black tarry and foul smelling stools that is caused by the presence of digested blood
morbid obesity
the condition of weighing two or more times the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40; also known as severe obesity
nasogastric intubation
the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach.
obesity
an excessive accumulation of fat in the body
palatoplasty
the surgical repair of a cleft palate or cleft lip
peptic ulcers
sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system caused by the bacterium helicobacter pylorior by medications, such as aspirin that irritated the mucous membranes.
peristalsis
a series of wavelike contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system
polyp
a mushroomlike growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, not all are malignant
proctologist
physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum and anus
regurgitation
The return of swallowed food into the mouth
salmonellosis
an infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces also referred to as salmonella
sigmoidoscopy
the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum sigmoid colon and possibly a portion of the descending colon.
stomatitis
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
trismus
any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma surgery or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer
ulcerative colitis
A chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation
volvulus
twisting of the intestine upon itself, causing an obstruction
xerostomia
the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salvary glands also known as dry mouth
upper gi tract
consist of the mouth pharynx Throat, esophagus and stomach this transports food from entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach
lower gi tract
bowels small and large intestines rectum and anus
palate
forms the roof of the mouth
rugae
irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane
dorsum
the upper surface of the tongue
papillae
contain taste buds
sublingual surface
under the tongue containing many blood vessels
lingual frenum
A band of tissues that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth limiting the motion of the tongue
periodontium
surrounding , teeth , noun ending
gingiva
gums, masticatory mucosa
sulcus
the area of space between a tooth and and gums
maxillary arch
upper jaw
mandibular
lower jaw, movable
temporomandibular joint
tjm where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together
dentition
natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
cuspids
incisors and canines used for biting and tearing
bicuspids
premolars used for chewing and grinding
deciduous dentition
baby teeth
occlusion
describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth.
crown
the portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth
enamel
the covering of the crown that is the hardest substance in the body.
cementum
the layer protecting roots
cervix
the nexk of the tooth where the crown and root meet
dentin
makes up the bulk of the tooth
pulp cavity
the area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth
pulp
consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide nutrients and innervation to the tooth.
saliva
maintains the moisture in the mouth.
amylase
digestive enzyme the first step in chemical digestion
parotid glands
are located on the face , slightly in front of each ear.
sublingual glands
located on the floor of the mouth under the tounge
submandibular glands
located on the floor of the mouth near the mandible
pharynx
the common passageway for both respiration and digestion
deglutition
swallowing
epiglottis
lid like structure that closes off the enterance to the trachea
esophagus
the muscular tube theough which ingested food passes from pharynx to the stomach
lower esophageal sphincter
aka cardiac sphincter, muscular ring between the esophagus and stomach. during seallowing it relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach
regurgitating
flowing backward
rugae
the folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach
gastric juices
made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid aid in the beginning of food digestion
pyloric sphincter
the ring like muscle at the base of the stomach that controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine
pylorus
is the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine
duodenum
the firsr portion of the small intestine.
jejunum
the middle portion of the small intestine
ileum
which is the last and longest portion of the small intestine
cecum
pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen
ileocecal sphincter
ring like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
cirrh/o
orange-yellow
col/o , colon/o
colon, large intestine
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
Gastr/o
stomach
gingiv/o
gums
Hepat/o
liver
Ile/o
Ileum
Lapar/o
abdomen
lingu/o
tongue
Lith/o
stone, calculus
Or/o
mouth
pept/o
Digestion
proct/o
rectum and anus
rect/o
rectum
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
stomat/o
mouth
anti-
against
dys-
difficult, painful
hyper-
increased
mal-
bas, poor
sub-
below
-al
pertaining to
-cele
hernia
-eal
pertaining to
-ectomy
surgical removal
-emesis
vomiting
-grapgy
process of recording
-ic
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-lithiasis
presence of stones
-megaly
abnormal enlargement
-ologist
specialist
-osis
abnormal condition
-paresis
partial paralysis
-pepsia
digestion
-phagia
eating, swallowing
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scopy
visual examination
-stomy
surgical creation of a new opening
anastomosis
A surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder, characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight
aphthous ulcers
canker, sores, lesions found on the soft tissues lining the mouth that look like gray white pits with red border
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
bariatrics
The branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and Allied diseases
borborygmus
The rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestines
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder, characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self induced vomiting
cachexia
The condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases, such as advanced cancer or aids
cholangiography
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium
cholecystectomy
The surgical removal of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder that is usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile
cholelithiasis
The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile duct
colonoscopy
The direct visual examination of the inner surface of the colon from the rectum to the cecum
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the interior of the esophagus
gastroesophageal reflux disease
The upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus, also known as GERD
herpes labialis
Cold, sores or fever, blisters or blisters like sores, located on the lips and adjacent facial tissue
melena
The passage of stools with a black and tar like appearance caused by the presence of digested blood
morbid obesity
The condition of weighing 2 to 3 times or more than the ideal weight
nasogastric intubation
The placement of a tube through the nose and into the stomach
sigmoidoscopy
The endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum sigmoid colon and possibly a portion of the descending colon
ascending
upward
deglutition
swallowing
decending
downward
eructation
belching or burping
ligation
the tying off of blood vessels
mastication
chewing
occult blood
blood that is not visibly apperent and can be detected only by lab testing
parenteral
outside of or bypassing the digestive system
prolapse
the slipping or dropping down of an organ or body part from its normal position
stricture
abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage
transverse
across
ulcer
Open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane
varices
enlarged and swollen veins
flares
term used when a patient experiences intervals of intensification of his or her disease
BM
bowel movement
BMI
body mass index
c. diff
clostridium difficile
E. coli
escherichia coli
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
IBD
inflammitory bowel syndrome
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
TPN
total parental nitrition
UC
ulcerative colitis
ingestion
the intake of food provides the nutrients that the body uses to provide energy for all the functions of the body.