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Digestive Systems

an/o

anus, ring

chol/e

bile, gall

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

col/o, colon/o

colon, large intestine

-emesis

vomiting

enter/o

small intestine

esophag/o

esophagus

gastr/o

stomach, belly

hepat/o

liver

-lithiasis

presence of stones

-pepsia

digest, digestion

-phagia

eating, swallowing

proct/o

anus rectum

rect/o

rectum, straight

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

aerophagia

the excsessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach

anastomosis

a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures; plural anatomoses

antiemetic

medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

aphthous ulcers

grey white pits with a red border that appear in the soft tissues lining the mouth; also known as canker sores or mouth ulcers

ascites

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

bariatrics

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

borborygmus

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

cachexia

a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occures in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS.

celiac disease

an inhearited autoimmune disorder charachterized by a severe reation to food containing gluten; gluten intolerance.

cheilosis

a disorder of the lips characterized by cracklike sores at the corners of the mouth

cholangiography

a radiograghic examination of the bile ducts with the ise of a contrast medium.

cholangitis

an acute inflamation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice.

cholecystectomy

the surgical removal of the gallbladder.

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones.

choledocholithotomy

an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones

cholelithiasis

the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.

cirrhosis

a progressive degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring.

colonoscopy

the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon, from the rectum to the cecum.

colostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface.

crohns disease

a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, however it is most found in the ileum and in the colon

dental prophylaxis

the professional cleaning of teeth to remove plaque and calclus.

diverticulitis

inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon

diverticulosis

the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon

dyspepsia

pain or discomfort in digestion; also known as indigestion

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

enema

the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

enteritis

inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens

eructation

the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

esophageal varices

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper gi tract, this includes esophagus, stomach and upper duodenum

gastroduodenostomy

the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

gastroesophageal reflux disease

the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus; also known as GERD

gastrostomy tube

the surgical placement of a feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach

hematemesis

the vomiting of blood

hemoccult test

a lab test for hidden blood in the stools, fecal occult blood test

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection

herpes labialis

blister like sores on the lips and adjacent tissue caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type one (HSV-1) also known as cold, sores, or fever blisters

hiatal hernia

an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest through a opening in the diaphragm.

hyperemesis

Extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

ileus

The partial or complete blockage of the small intestine, large intestine, or both caused by the stopping of normal peristalsis.

inguinal hernia

the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower absominal wall or groin.

jaundice

a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood.

leukoplakia

An abnormal white precancerous lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek.

melena

the passage of black tarry and foul smelling stools that is caused by the presence of digested blood

morbid obesity

the condition of weighing two or more times the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40; also known as severe obesity

nasogastric intubation

the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach.

obesity

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

palatoplasty

the surgical repair of a cleft palate or cleft lip

peptic ulcers

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system caused by the bacterium helicobacter pylorior by medications, such as aspirin that irritated the mucous membranes.

peristalsis

a series of wavelike contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system

polyp

a mushroomlike growth from the surface of a mucous membrane, not all are malignant

proctologist

physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum and anus

regurgitation

The return of swallowed food into the mouth

salmonellosis

an infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces also referred to as salmonella

sigmoidoscopy

the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum sigmoid colon and possibly a portion of the descending colon.

stomatitis

inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

trismus

any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma surgery or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer

ulcerative colitis

A chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

volvulus

twisting of the intestine upon itself, causing an obstruction

xerostomia

the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salvary glands also known as dry mouth

upper gi tract

consist of the mouth pharynx Throat, esophagus and stomach this transports food from entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach

lower gi tract

bowels small and large intestines rectum and anus

palate

forms the roof of the mouth

rugae

irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane

dorsum

the upper surface of the tongue

papillae

contain taste buds

sublingual surface

under the tongue containing many blood vessels

lingual frenum

A band of tissues that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth limiting the motion of the tongue

periodontium

surrounding , teeth , noun ending

gingiva

gums, masticatory mucosa

sulcus

the area of space between a tooth and and gums

maxillary arch

upper jaw

mandibular

lower jaw, movable

temporomandibular joint

tjm where the maxillary and mandibular arches come together

dentition

natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws

cuspids

incisors and canines used for biting and tearing

bicuspids

premolars used for chewing and grinding

deciduous dentition

baby teeth

occlusion

describes any contact between the chewing surfaces of the upper and lower teeth.

crown

the portion of the tooth that is visible in the mouth

enamel

the covering of the crown that is the hardest substance in the body.

cementum

the layer protecting roots

cervix

the nexk of the tooth where the crown and root meet

dentin

makes up the bulk of the tooth

pulp cavity

the area within the crown and roots of the tooth that is surrounded by the dentin to protect the delicate pulp of the tooth

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