CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT (ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY)

Is the field of science that concerns the UNDERSTANDING the NATURE, CAUSES, and TREATMENT of MENTAL DISORDER

Abnormal Psychology

Why Abnormal Psychology is important during crisis?

can cause sudden changes in our environment, which can affect our behavior and mental health. For example, during a pandemic, losing a loved one, or experiencing a disaster like a fire can disrupt our routines and impact our physical and mental well-being. During such times, people often become more vulnerable to mental and physical health issues.

refers to the STUDY of MENTAL DISORDERS, particularly focusing on psychological DYSFUNCTIONS in individuals.

Psychopathology

focuses on PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS, which involve psychological DYSFUNCTIONS. These dysfunctions can affect three key areas: cognitive (thinking), affective (emotions), and behavioral (actions).

Psychopathology

A psychological DYSFUNCTION within an individual ASSOCIATED with DISTRESS or IMPAIRMENT in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Abnormal Behavior

Example of Abnormal Situation

Earthquake

When we experience an abnormal situation like an earthquake, it is normal to have an unusual or unexpected reaction. For example, you might instinctively duck, cover, and hold on, which is not a typical response but an appropriate one for the situation.

True

One of the elements of abnormal behavior is when we say “________,” which refers to LONG-LASTING emotional or psychological EXPERIENCES that cause DISCOMFORT or DISTRESS.

Suffering

One of the elements of abnormal behavior is “________.” This refers to a person’s INABILITY TO COPE WITH STRESS or DIFFICULTIES, leading to a WORSENING rather than an improvement in their state.

Maladaptiveness

One of the elements of abnormal behavior is “________,” which means it is DIFFERENT from what most people do. It is NOT a TYPICAL or EXPECTED behavior or response.

Statistical Deviancy

One of the elements of abnormal behavior is “________.” This refers to DEVIANCY, which means BREAKING SOCIETAL NORMS or STANDARDS.

For example:
- Formal societal norms: Laws that are broken, such as stealing or killing.
- Informal societal norms: Unwritten rules, like going outside without clothes in a country where this is not accepted

Violation of societal standards

One of the elements of abnormal behavior is "________." This means not only are you feeling DISTRESS and DISCOMFORT YOURSELF, but you are also CAUSING DISTRESS and DISCOMFORT to those AROUND you.

Social Discomfort

One of the elements of abnormal behavior is when we say “________,” your BEHAVIOR BECOMES OUT OF REASON.

Irrationality and Unpredictability

One of the elements of abnormal behavior is "________." This refers to the implications of PAIN, whether PHYSICAL, MENTAL, or EMOTIONAL, that lead to LIFE-THREATENING situations, such as CONSIDERING TAKING YOUR OWN LIFE or HARMING OTHERS.

Dangerousness

One of the 5Ds of abnormal behavior is “________.” This refers to BREAKDOWN in psychological functions like COGNITIVE, EMOTIONAL, or BEHAVIOR functioning. Behavior becomes abnormal when, for example, THINKING becomes IMPAIRED, such as having trouble recalling information, experiencing impulsive thoughts, or having intrusive negative thoughts.
For instance, feeling anxious before a quiz is normal, but if that anxiety prevents you from even attending the quiz

Dysfunction

One of the 5Ds of abnormal behavior is "." This refers to what an individual experiences in relation to their behavior before developing a PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION. it involves DISCOMFORT, whether EMOTIONAL or PHYSICAL, and indicates the person's INABILITY TO MANAGE this DISCOMFORT.

Distress

You experience "________" when STRESS becomes OVERWHELMING, leading to PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION and IMPAIRED FUNCTIONING. For example, after a breakup, you might struggle to focus due to intense emotions. However, "________" alone isn't enough to diagnose a psychological disorder, though it can indicate abnormal behavior.

Distress

When we say "_______ ______," we mean that the distress is so INTENSE or EXTREMELY that it becomes difficult to manage. This can actually qualify as abnormal behavior, but it still does not confirm a psychological disorder.

Personally distressing

One of the 5Ds of abnormal behavior is "________." This refers to behavior that is NOT CULTURALLY EXPECTED or not the USUAL THING. For example, if your school doesn't allow students to dye their hair, but you come to school with pink hair, you've violated the rule. However, this doesn't necessarily mean you have a mental disorder.

Deviance

One of the 5Ds of abnormal behavior is “________,” which refers to when an individual poses a THREAT to their OWN LIFE or the LIVES of OTHERS.

Danger

One of the 5Ds of abnormal behavior is "_______." It looks at HOW LONG the behavior has been happening and HOW OFTEN it OCCURS. Feeling sad or lonely sometimes is normal, but if it lasts a long time or happens frequently, it might be a sign of abnormal behavior.

Duration

• is a SYNDROME characterized by CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT DISTURBANCE is an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
• The disturbance reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental function

Mental Disorder

it indicates an ILLNESS and SHOWS that the CRITERIA for SYMPTOMS set by the CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM have been MET. There are DISTURBANCES in PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS.

Clinically Significant Disturbance

What are the 3 aspects of Psychological

Cognitive, Affective, and Behavior

is the scientific study of PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. Within this field are specially trained professionals, including CLINICAL and COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS, PSYCHIATRISTS. psychiatric social workers, and psychiatric nurses, aw well as marriage and family therapists and mental heatlh counselors.

Psychopathology

• Profesionals investigate the NATURE and CAUSES of PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. These CAN PRESCRIBED MEDICINE
• They can make DIAGNOSES and OFFER TREATMENTS
• emphasize DRUGS or other BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS, although most use psychosocial treatments as well.

Psychiatrists

Explain abnormal behavior but don't actually in treatment in psychological disorder. This is dealing with NORMAL ADJUSMENT CONCERNS. This cannot prescribed medicine

Counselor

Can conduct psychological evaluation. Cannot prescribe medication

Psychologist

This can MANIFEST to NORMAL and HEALTHY person

Abnormal Behavior

means that the person is not just showing abnormal behavior but has a COMBINATION of ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS that fit a specific psychological disorder.

Mental Disorder

• Nature of Abnormal Psychology refers to INITIAL SYMPTOMS that cause the person to seek professional help from a doctor or any mental health practitioner.
• Other term of this what we called "REFERRAL QUESTION"
• It's important to establish this to know where to start in understanding and diagnosing a person.
For example, if you can't sleep for several nights, you might seek professional help.

Presenting problem

• nature of abnormal psychology that refers to the SIGNS and SYMPTOMS that represent the UNIQUE COMBINATION of BEHAVIORS, THOUGHTS, and FEELINGS that define a specific disorder.
• This combination of abnormal behaviors is important because it helps practitioners determine if the signs and symptoms are clinically significant.
For example, a headache is normal sometimes and can be treated with medication. However, if headaches are severe and frequent, they may indicate a psychological disorder. Clinical descriptions help identify whether symptoms are severe and abnormal enough to be classified as a disorder.

Clinical description and symptomatology

refers to how COMMON a disorder is. For example, it describes how MANY people in a population have this condition.

Prevalence

When we say “_______,” it means that the SIGNS and SYMPTOMS of the disorder appear for a PERIOD, then get TREATED, but may RETURN LATER. This pattern is common in MOOD DISORDERS like BIPOLAR disorder and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.

For example, someone might experience a DEPRESSIVE EPISODE, get better, and then have another episode later.

Episodic

refers to the number of NEW CASES that occur during a SPECIFIC PERIOD of TIME. For example, it measures how many new cases of depression arise in the YEAR 2024.

Incidence

examines how COMMON a mental disorder is among MALES and to FEMALES.

Gender ratio

refers to the AGE at which a person first experiences the SYMPTOMS or signs of a disorder.

Age of on set

When we say “____,” it means the SYMPTOMS and SIGNS of the disorder start in CHILDHOOD and continue into OLD AGE, lasting throughout a person's LIFE. The disorder persists WITHOUT DISAPPEARING.

Example: A person with a LIFELONG condition like AUTISM might show symptoms from a young age and continue to experience them throughout their life.

Chronic

When we say “________,” we refer to DISORDERS that IMPROVE ON THEIR OWN without TREATMENT. These conditions typically last for a SHORT TIME, like POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION, ACUTE DEPRESSION, or ACUTE ANXIETY, where the SYMPTOMS may appear once and then GO AWAY.

Time-limited

A pattern of the disorder, when we say “______ _____,” refers to SUDDENLY DEVELOPING depression. For example, someone who starts feeling DEPRESSED out of NOWHERE after a MAJOR LIFE EVENT.

Acute onset

A patter of the disorder: When we say “______,” we are talking about HOW a DISORDER DEVELOPS OVER TIME. For example, if someone starts showing SYMPTOMS of DEPRESSION in CHILDHOOD and it grows worse into FULL-BLOWN DEPRESSION as they age, this describes the pattern of the disorder.

Insidious onset

A pattern of the disorder when we say “________” refers to PREDICTING how the TREATMENT or RECOVERY will PROGRESS for someone with the disorder. For example, it involves assessing how quickly or easily the disorder can be treated or resolved.

Prognosis

is the study of how BEHAVIOR changes over time.

Developmental psychology

is the study of how ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR CHANGES OVER TIME.

Developmental Psychopathology

When we say "______" it refers STUDY of ORIGINS, has to do with WHY a DISORDER BEGINS (WHAT CAUSES the abnormal behavior or mental disorder)

Etiology

One of the perspectives used to explain the ETIOLOGY of ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR or MENTAL DISORDERS. This perspective looks at the BODY'S SYSTEMS and ORGAN FUNCTIONS.

Biological

One of the perspectives used to explain the etiology of abnormal behavior or mental disorders: This perspective examines UNCONSCIOUS THOUGHTS and EARLY EXPERIENCES.

Pyschoanalytic

One of the different PERSPECTIVEs USED to EXPLAIN the ETIOLOGY of ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR or mental disorders: This perspective focuses on LEARNED BEHAVIORS and reactions.

Behaviorism

One of the the different perspectives used to explain the etiology of abnormal behavior or mental disorders: This perspective considers issues related to PERSONAL GROWTH and SELF-FULFILLMENT.

Humanism

the different perspectives used to explain the etiology of abnormal behavior or mental disorders: This perspective involves the influence of the PERSON'S ENVIRONMENT, including their CULTURE, FAMILY, and SOCIETY.

Socio-cultural

first earn an M.D. degree in medical school and then specialize in psychiatry during residency training that lasts 3 to 4 years.

Psychiatrists

• receive the Ph.D., doctor of philosophy, degree (or sometimes an Ed.D., doctor of education, or Psy.D., doctor of psychology)
• and follow a course of graduate-level study lasting approximately 5 years, which prepares them to conduct research into the causes and treatment of psychological disorders and to diagnose, assess, and treat these disorders.

Clinical Psychologists and Counseling Psychologists

tend to STUDY and TREAT ADJUSTMENT and VOCATIONAL ISSUES encountered by relatively HEALTHY individuals

Counseling Psychologists

usually concentrate on MORE SEVERE psychological disorders.
Example: they might treat someone with severe depression.

Clinical Psychologists

concentrate on investigating the basic determinants of behavior but do not assess or treat psychological disorders.

Experimental and Social psychologists

What term is used to describe MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS who APPLY SCIENTIFIC METHODS to UNDERSTAND and TREAT PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?

Scientist-Practitioner

One of the Three Dominant Traditions: All PHYSICAL and MENTAL disorders were considered the WORK of the DEVIL.

Supernatural

One of the Three Dominant Traditions: Psychological disorders might also be
caused by BRAIN PATHOLOGY or HEAD TRAUMA and could be influenced by HEREDITY

Biological

One of the Three Dominant Traditions Psychoanalysis emphasizes the inner
dynamics of UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVES.

Psychological

Miguel recently began feeling SAD and LONELY. Although STILL able to FUNCTION at work and fulfill other responsibilities, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and he worries about what is happening to him. Which of the definitions of abnormality apply to Miguel’s situation? _____________

distress

Three weeks ago, Jane, a 35-year-old business executive, stopped showering, refused to leave her apartment, and started watching television talk shows. Threats of being fired have failed to bring Jane back to reality, and she continues to spend her days staring blankly at the television screen. Which of the definitions seems to describe Jane’s behavior?

dysfunction

The PATTERN a disorder follows can be CHRONIC, TIME-lIMITED or EPISODIC

Course

Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary. Without treatment, John will deteriorate rapidly. ________________

Prognosis

Three new cases of bulimia have been reported in this county during the past month and only one in the next county. ______________

Incidence

Elizabeth visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety. _________________

Presenting problem

How many people in the population as a whole suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder? ____________

Prevalence

In the late 14th century, people believed that psychological disorders were caused by ________ and _______with the Catholic Church promoting these views amidst its own internal conflicts. Treatments included EXORCISM and other rituals aimed at driving out evil spirits. This belief persisted into the 15th century and beyond, as seen in the Salem witch trials, where 20 women were executed for alleged witchcraft.

Demons and Witches

TREPHINATION- chipping away
an area of the skull with crude stone instruments tomake a hole letting the evil spirit in head to escapethrough it

Supernatural trafitions

In supernatural traditions, a Swiss physician, suggested that the movement of the MOON and STARS profoundly affect psychological functioning, a belief that led to the term "LUNATIC,"derived from the Latin word "luna" meaning "moon." (Rotton & Kelly, 1985). Despite the lack of scientific evidence, the belief that heavenly bodies affect behavior persists, notably among astrology followers (Raison, Klein, & Steckler, 1999). This belief, while widely held, has never been confirmed by serious evidence.

Paracelsus

The belief that psychological disorders were a punishment for evil deeds led to treatments like exorcisms, which were seen as relatively painless and sometimes effective. However, when exorcisms failed, more extreme measures like confinement, beatings, torture, and even hanging people over SNAKE PITS were used, sometimes providing TEMPORARY RELIEFS. These methods, rooted in the idea of SHOCKING the EVIL SPIRITS OUT,also included practices like dunking individuals in ice-cold water.

Treatments for Possession

the FATHER OF MODERN WESTERN MEDICINE, suggested that psychological disorders could be TREATED like any other disease and believed they might be caused by brain pathology, head trauma, or heredity. He considered the brain the SEAT OF WISDOM, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion, and thus linked disorders to brain function. Additionally, ________ acknowledged the impact of psychological and interpersonal factors like family stress on psychopathology, sometimes REMOVING PATIENTS from their fFAMILIES for TREATMENT.

Hippocrates

The Roman physician expanded on Hippocrates' ideas, leading to the influential humoral theory, which linked PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS dto IMBALANCES in FOUR BODY FLUIDS: (1) BLOOD (2) BLACK BILE (3) YELLOW BILE and (4) PHLEGM. An excess of black bile, for example, was thought to cause melancholia (depression), a term still in use today. This humoral theory was an early example of associating psychological disorders with a "chemical imbalance," a concept that remains prevalent in modern medicine.

Galen

An EXCESS of BLACK BILE, for example, was thought to cause __________ (depression)

Melancholia

means DEPRESSIVE (depression was thought to be caused by BLACK BILE FLOODING the BRAIN). The black bile from the SPEEN

Melancholic

(literal meaning “RED, LIKE BLOOD”) describes someone who is RUDDY in COMPLEXION, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic, although insomnia and delirium were thought to be caused by EXCESSIVE BLOOD in the BRAIN. The blood CAME from the HEART

sanguine

A _________ personality (from the humor phlegm) indicates APATHY and SLUGGISHNESS but can also mean being CALM under stress. PHLEGM from the BRAIN

phlegmatic

A _______ person (from YELLOW BILE or CHOLER FROM the LIVER) is HOT TEMPERED

choleric

Treatments in Biological traditions
• a carefully MEASURED amount of
BLOOD was REMOVED from the
body, often with LEECHES.

Bleeding or Bloodletting

Treatments in Biological traditions
• to INDUCE VOMITING through eating
_______ and a ________.

tobacco and half-boiled cabbage

a SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE, causes behavioral and cognitive symptoms similar to psychosis, such as delusions of persecution or grandeur, and a steady deterioration leading to PARALYSIS and DEATH

syphilis

What scientific theory, established by Louis Pasteur, helped connect syphilis with general paresis and eventually led to the discovery of PENCILIN as a cure for syphilis?

Louis Pasteur’s Germ Theory

Who was the psychiatrist that championed the biological tradition in the U.S., he believed that insanity had physical causes and should be TREATED as a physical illness with REST, DIET, and proper ventilation. improved conditions at Utica State Hospital, and INVENTED the ROTARY FAN to VENTILATE the hospital?

John Grey

During the early 19th century, what psychosocial approach to mental disorders emphasized emotional and psychological factors, focused on TREATING patients NORMALLY and encouraged social interaction while eliminating restraint and seclusion?

Moral therapy

Who was the CRUSADER that campaigned for the REFORM of INSANITY TREATMENT and initiated the MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT?

Dorothea Dix

Who took the FIRST major steps toward understanding PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS in mental disorders, particularly with key concepts such as HYSTERIA, HYPNOSIS, and CATHARSIS?

Sigmund Freud

Is defined as a CAREFUL CONSIDERATION of study regarding a particular concern or a PROBLEM using scientific methods.

Research

Elizabeth visited the campus mental health center because of her increasing feelings of guilt and anxiety. _________________

presenting a problem

SUPERNATURAL causes; EVIL DEMONS took over the victims’ bodies and CONTROLLED their BEHAVIORS. _____________

exorcism

The humoral theory reflected the belief that normal functioning of the brain required a BALANCE of FOUR BODILY FLUIDS or humors. ______________

bloodletting; induced vomiting

Treating institutionalized patients as NORMALLY as possible and encouraging social interaction and relation- ship development. ____________

moral therapy

Hypnosis, psychoanalysis-like free association and dream analysis, and balance of the id, ego, and superego. ____________

psychoanalytic theory

PERSON-CENTERED therapy with UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE regard. ____________

humanistic theory

Classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, and operant conditioning. ___________

behavioral model

allow us to study a particular behavior in a more RIGOROUS MANNER. It permits us to look at cases with
subjects that CANNOT be EXPERIMENTED or REPLICATED because of other ethical and physical constraints.

Case study

What type of study is designed to determine the presence and degree of the RELATIONSHIP between variables, indicating the degree and direction of the relationship but not implying causation?

Correlation

What type of research involves the study of the INCIDENCE, DISTRIBUTION, and CONSEQUENCES of a particular problem or set of problems in ONE or MORE POPULATIONS?
Example: suicide rates (per 100,000 population)

Epidemiological research

Which criteria define a true experiment?

At least one experimental and control group

Researcher-manipulated variable

Random assignment

What research method involves the MANIPULATION of VARIABLES and the observation of its effects?

Experimentation

What type of experiment is used to DETERMINE the EFFECTIVENESS and SAFETY of a TREATMENT or treatments?

Clinical trial

In group experimental designs, what method is used to MITIGATE the DANGERS of the PLACEBO EFFECT, involving either single-blind (participants) or double-blind (both participants and researchers) procedures?

Control group

What type of study examines a behavioral PATTERN or emotional TRAIT within the context of a FAMILY?

Family studies

What is the term for the family member with the trait SINGLE OUT for study in genetic research?

Proband

Which type of study often examines whether SIBLINGS raised in DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTSdisplay the SAME DISORDER to the same extent?

Adoption studies

What research design is limited by the cohort effect, where AGE and EXPPERIENCE may confound the results?

Cross-sectional design

Agreement of MINOR children ages 7 and above is usually a requirment of their partcipation

assent

at the end of an experiment, the researcher should be EXPLAIN the TRUE NATURE and PURPOSE of the study

Debriefing

________ _______ (vay-zoh-VAY-gul SING-kuh-pee) occurs when you FAINT because your body OVERREACTS to certain triggers, such as the SIGHT OF BLOOD or EXTREME EMOTIONAL DISTRESS. It may also be called "NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE". The vasovagal syncope trigger causes your heart rate and blood pressure to drop suddenly.

Vasovagal Syncope