diritto
What are the two possible timings for concentrated constitutional review?
Preventive and subsequent
What fundamental principle is enshrined in Article 1 of the Italian Constitution?
The popular sovereignty
What defines a 'flexible' constitution?
It can be modified by ordinary primary sources
Which of the following is NOT one of the five essential principles of modern constitutionalism?
The absolute monarchy
When did the Italian Constitution come into force?
January 1, 1948
Why did the Italian constituent fathers choose a 'rigid' constitution?
To prevent a repeat of the Statuto Albertino's fate
What kind of effects do the Constitutional Court's decisions of illegitimacy have in Italy?
Erga omnes effects
What is one of the mechanisms that ensures the rigidity of a constitution?
A complex legislative revision procedure
Which constitution is cited as the first 'long' constitution in continental history?
The Weimar Constitution of 1919
What is a key characteristic of 'concentrated' constitutional review?
It is assigned to a single, specialized organ
What happens when a judge in a diffused review system finds a law unconstitutional?
The judge disapplies the norm for that specific case
Which two historical events are considered decisive for the development of modern constitutionalism?
The American and French Revolutions
What is considered an essential characteristic of the Constitutional Charter in modern constitutionalism?
Its written form
What distinguishes 18th-century constitutions like the Statuto Albertino from modern ones?
They were granted by a sovereign
Why did the Italian constituent fathers opt for a 'long' constitution?
To detail inviolable principles after the fascist regime
Who is typically the holder of the constituent power in modern constitutionalism?
The people
In which country is the 'diffused' model of constitutional review primarily found?
United States
What position does the Constitution occupy in the system of legal sources?
An apex position
What is the primary function of 'programmatic norms' in a constitution?
To orient public powers towards specific objectives
Which of these countries is mentioned as having a predominantly unwritten (customary) constitution?
United Kingdom
What does it mean that sentences of the Constitutional Court are 'definitive'?
They represent a definitively judged matter that cannot be overturned
What significant event occurred on June 2, 1946, related to the Italian Constitution?
The election of the Constituent Assembly and choice of Republic
How does modern constitutionalism conceive the Constitution?
As the fundamental law limiting public power
What was a key characteristic of 'brief' constitutional charters, typical of the 19th century?
They defined only fundamental state organization
Which article is given as an example of a programmatic norm concerning the promotion of culture and scientific research?
Article 9