Ethics mid 1
is a moral theory that says actions are right if they bring the most happiness and the least pain to the most people.
UTILITARIANISM
Actions is morally good its produces greatest Happiness
UTILITARIANISM
It focuses on consequences rather than intentions
Consequentialist
Is the core idea of utilitarianism
THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY
stating that the best action is the one that maximizes happiness and minimizes suffering for the greatest number of people.
THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY
Refers to the motivation of our actions as guided by our avoidance of pain and desire for pleasure.
THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY
argued that our actions are governed by two "sovereign matters"(pleasure and pain).
Jeremy Bentham
two Sovereign matters
pleasure and pain
is good if they produce more happiness than unhappiness.
Pleasure
he clarifies that what makes people happy is intended pleasure and what makes us unhappy is the privation of pleasure. Things that produce pleasure and happiness are good.
mill
what makes us unhappy
Privation Of Pleasure
what makes people happy
Intended Pleasure
Mill's "Theory of Life"
Natural Moral Preferability of Pleasu
It is based on the idea that pleasure and the avoidance of pain are the ultimate goals of human life-what he calls the "Greatest Happiness Principle.
Mill's "Theory of Life"; Natural Moral Preferability of Pleasure
are the ultimate goals of human life-what he calls the "Greatest Happiness Principle.’
Pleasure And The Avoidance Of Pain
Pleasure And The Avoidance Of Pain are the ultimate goals of human life
Greatest Happiness Principle
Eating junk food
Bodily Pleasure
Reading a great book
Intellectual Pleasure
he would argue that reading a book is a "higher" pleasure because it enriches the mind and leads to lasting fulfillment, while eating junk food is a "lower" pleasure because it only brings short-term satisfaction
John Stuart Mill
he believes we should prefer actions that promote higher pleasures and lasting happiness, rather than just short-term gratification.
John Stuart mill
he was the founder of utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham View
Argued that laws and actions should be judged by how much happiness they produce
Jeremy Bentham View
He Introduced the "felicific calculus" to measure pleasure and pain.
Jeremy Bentham View
He believed that pleasure and pain are the basis for moral decisions.
Jeremy Bentham View
It's a method of determining the rightness of an action by balancing the probable pleasures and pains that it would produce.
FELICIFIC CALCULUS
framework that calculates the pleasure that some actions can provide.
FELICIFIC CALCULUS
FELICIFIC CALCULUS (CRITERIA / CATEGORIES)
intensity
duration
certainty
propinquity
Fecundity
purity
extem
How long does it last?
DURATION
How intense is the pleasure?
INTENSITY
How soon does the pleasure occur?
PROPINQUITY
How sure is the pleasure?
CERTAINTY
How free from pain is the pleasure?
PURITY
How many more being followed by sensations of the same kind
FECUNDITY
How many people are affected?
EXTEM
refined Bentham's theory
John Stuart Mill
He distinguished between higher and lower pleasures
John Stuart Mill
Physical pleasures(e.g., food, rest).
Lower pleasures
Intellectual and moral joys (e.g., art, learning).
Higher pleasures
he believed that intellectual and moral happiness is more valuable than mere physical pleasure
John Stuart Mill
In deciding over two comparable pleasures, it is important to experience both and to discover which one is actually more preferred than the other
John Stuart Mill
Quality is more preferable than quantity
John Stuart Mill
Human pleasures are qualitatively different from animal pleasures.
John Stuart Mill
He thinks that the principle of utility must distinguish pleasures qualitatively rather than quantitatively.
John Stuart Mill
He would likely prioritize education because it leads to deeper, long-term happiness
John Stuart Mill
He might choose the one that gives the most people pleasure, even if it's short-term
Jeremy Bentham