SOCI exam
What are Weber's 3 historical power types
1) Charismatic: Power based on unique traits
2) Traditional: Long standing customs
3) Rational-legal: Following rulesand processes
What did Weber aim to study?
Why and when people obey
What 3 processes did Weber associate with the rise in capitalism
1) Rationalization: Legal and rational approach to authority
2) Secularization: Loss of relgion in authority
3) Disenchantment: Opposition of the traditional system
What did Marx focus on?
The economy, basis of power, and class relations
What are the two social classes defined by Marx
1) Ruling class
2) Working class
What does Marx define as surplus Labour?
Production beyond necessity
How does Marx say the two classes function?
The ruling class exploits the working class to grow their own capital
What is Marx's materialist concept?
Social, cultural, and political values are based on economic relations
What is Gramsci's idea of hegemony?
A system where the lower class is subject to the dominat ideology through cultural domination that makes the working class think they have consented to the rules of the ruling class
What is Gramsci's idea of cultural hegemony?
The ruling class have dominance over a diverse society and make the world view the culture of the ruling class as that of the entire nation
What is Gramsci's idea of counter hegemony?
Alternative ideologies created by mebers of a society, this is essential to challenging capitalism
how does gramsci define civil society?
Part of society not involved in business (ex. coffee shop, friend hangout, etc.)
How does Gramsci define a war of positions?
Ongoing battle between the working and ruling class
How does Gramsci define the sub altern?
Lower class
How does gramsci define organic intellectuals?
Representatives of excluded social groups that speak for their politics and experiences
What does Foucault focus on?
Replacement of physical punishment with punishing the soul. Questions which is worse
What does Foucault say the modern aim of punishment is?
Punish the soul and exercise control, not the body
What 5 forms of power does Foucault discuss?
1) Soverign: From the monarchs
2) Disiplinary: Society controlled through constant surviellence
3) Bio-power: Polices the body through defining what is normal through knowledge
4) Repressive: Violent force
5) Normalizing: Normalizing their own ideals, making people adopt the beliefs of the ruiling class (e.g. I want to be a worker)
What does Foucault define as the Gaze?
Constant view of society to regulate individual behavoir. Never knowing when you're actually being watched
How does Foucault define knowledge as power?
Based on your knowledge you get certain power. Ex. Doctor determine when you're sick.
Within the gaze, how does authority exercise power Foucault?
1) Division and branding - labelling
2) Coersive assignment - treatment based on labelling
Benthams panopticon does what?
Forces people to maintain good behavoir for constant fear of surviellence. Makes it unecessary to use force
What is a key tool of capitalist oppression?
The state
What does Marx believe the capitalist system is based on?
Exploitation
Define class?
Hiearchy based on power, wealth, income, etc.
What does Marx say about the stability of capitalism?
It is unstable due to its contridicting nature
What is Marx's Labout theory of Value?
All economic value is produced by labour
What does Marx define as the basis of class?
Labour as a commodity - something that is sold to ruling class
What does Marx define as the division of labour?
Giving more control to managers/employers
How does marx define exploitation of surplus?
There is a surplus because more is produced than what is needed to reproduce
Who owns the means of production to Marx?
Those with enough money to own private property
What are Marx's 4 ways of alienation? (prickly lamb wanders south)
1) Product
2) Labour
3) workers
4) Self
What did Weber explain in class?
Established more theories of social catagories as the world and economy grew in complexity
How does Weber define class?
Catagory of people sharing similar interests in the market
How does weber define a social class?
Group with similar experiences and sense of unity
What are the two Bourgeoise classes according to Weber?
1) Big
2) Petite
How does weber define the two working classes?
1) Skilled
2) Manual
How does Weber define status groups?
Groups based on honour, character, etc.
What does Weber think inequality in work causes?
Source of conflict based on resentment
What does Gerard Lenski argue?
Apperance of social harmony may be decpetive
What is Dahrendorf's argument of conflict vs consensus and consent versus resistence?
Reaction to class control is either
1) Consent or consensus
2) Restistence or conflict
What does Dahrendorf argue about conflict?
It is built into the capitalist system but can result in positive change
What did Daherndorf believe about the class system?
Post-industrial systems created a complicated class system (over 2)
What did Wright try to uphold?
The 2 class system just with increased complexity
What does Wright define as the three elements of class?
1) Economic control and ownership of the surplus
2) Command of means of production
3) Control of labour
How does Wright define class?
On a sliding scale based on how much control is present. Still onlt believes in the two class sytsem
What class rise is recent?
Rise of the middle class
When are you less vulnerable to exploitation?
When you have more power
What is the fear of falling?
Fear of falling out of the middle class
Why did neo-liberalism rise?
After the economic crash following the golden age.
What are classes built on?
Expliotation
How does neo-liberalism try to make their views be seen as?
Common sense
What is classical liberalism?
A ideology that believes in free market, chill government, autonomy, and political freedom. Against social welfare, taxes, and state involvement
How does neo-liberalism view competition?
defining characteristic of human relations
What does Hayek Believe?
Neo-liberalism. little to no taxes, social services, market tregularions, etc.
How does neo-liberalism and Hayek view unions?
Bad things that distort the market and harm the economy
What ideology believes in a fair, tickle down economy?
neo-liberalism
How does Hayek view inequality?
a result of different skills, effort, and intelligence. Any efforts to stop this are harmful to society
What is Smiths idea of the invisible hand?
The idea that a good functioning market is free from state interference
Where does Smith believe bankrupsy comes from?
Inefficency and individual problems. Those filing shall fix the problem or disappear.
Smith believes it is whos fault when workers cannot find a job?
The workers. They are valuing themselves too high
How does Smith define economic liberty?
Freedom from outside sources
What is rational choice theory?
Assumes that humans are all rational decision makers
What idea does rational choice theory rely on?
Behavoirism. People will avoid punishment and seek reward
Who came up with rational choice theory?
Honans
What does Honans say makes indviduals make rational choices?
Low costs and high rewards
In rational choice theory (Honans), what do all interactions involve?
Some form of risk calculating
What is Margert Thatcher's view on society?
There is no such thing as society, only indviduals striving for freedom and famillies. We are our best selves when we can contribute our wants within the market
In neo-liberalism what is unencumbered markets?
Faith in unregulated markets to do what is best
In neo-liberalism what is deregulation?
Best markets aren't limited by outside forces
What does neo-liberalism believe taxes do to the market?
causes it to shrink and take money from investors
What does neo-liberalism say about free trade?
There should be no outside regulation on trade
T/F neo-liberalism focuses on transfering wealth from the top to the bottom (trickle down)
False. It is transfered from the bottom/middle to the top
What does Piketty aim to do?
measure in equalty through statistical equations
How does Piketty define income?
Flow of money (measured annually often)
How does Piketty define wealth?
Economic resources that are accumulated or inherited. E.g. equity, bonds, investment returns, etc.
What does Piketty define as Beta?
Measurement of inequality between wealth and annual income
Is accummulated wealth higher than annual income?
Yes by 4-6x
What is a place where piketty determines inequality?
Income tax
What is the golden age?
Time after WW2 and the great depression, where social welfare and industrial deomcracy greatly increased resulting in improved living conditions
What is the gilded age?
A time following the golden age (1970s) where stagflation resulted in high inflation and job loss. This caused a large shift towards neo-liberalism. Exacerbated by election of Margerat Thatcher and Ronald Regan
What is the Marsh report?
A report that highly influenced Canada to become a welfare state during the golden ages through social welfare advocacy. This was based on the 3 principals of
1) Full employment
2) Basic social minimum (social insurance)
3) Seperation of child and parent needs through family allowance
What was the Beveridge report?
A report calling for social healthcare that isolated many politicians and became influential for Canadian politics
What paved the way for justifying neo-liberalism?
Economic should of stagflation (high unemployment and high inflation, 20%)
What is the Gini Coefficent?
A measurement of inequality in a distribution
What does a gini coefficent score of 0 mean?
Perfect income equality, everyone has the same income
What does a gini coefficent score of 1 mean?
Perfect income inequality, One person holds all income and everyone else has none
What is thr primary focus/treaching of Piketty?
To prevent inequality, we must start with prevention at the top of the income scale
When did we see the least inequality?
The golden age, social welfare, rapid economic growth
What does the movement towards work equality come from?
Social mobilization and Strong political demand for equal rights
What era is the rise of inequality (modernish)?
Neoliberalism
Economic inequality
Uneven distribution of wealth, income, and political power
Piketty believes what about income and equality?
Montetary distance comes with social consequences beyond money
What are the three outcomes to inequality?
1) Uneven political power/access
2) Uneven wealth distribution
3) Ineven relationships/status
What relationship do determinates of inequality (race, secx, etc.) have with inequality
Symbiotic where one reinforces the other
Describe the role of management
Direct control, technological control, and bureacratic control to regulate all aspects of work
How does management gain compliance?
Consent that is always about control
Define scientific management and who invented it
Taylor
Where work process and flow is studoed and reorganized as a divison of labour
What does the seperation of head from hand mean?
head = conception
Hand = Execution
Seperation of the workers from the managers
Algorithmic management?
Software that is used to hire, train, promote, manage, and control workers