Chapter 28 Reproductive
cremaster muscle
contracts to move testes closer to the body where heat is absorbed
Dartos muscle
contracts to cause scotun to become tight (wrinkled) to reduce heat loss
part of scrotal septum
dartos muscle
Seminiferous tubules
where sperm is prduced by spermatogensis
contains spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells
Seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenic cells
form sperm cells
nourish sperm, phagotize excess cytoplasm, control sperm in tubules, produce fluid for sperm movement, secretes inhibin
Sertoli Cells
Cryptorchidism
condition where the testes do not descend into scrotum
secretes testosterone and androgen
Leydig cells
Leydig cells
clusters that are in spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules
Spermatogonia
starts spermatogenesis
when it goes through mitosis, sone remain near the basement membrane of seminigerous tubules as a resevoir if cells for future cells division and sperm producion, the rest turn into primary spermatocytes
spermatogonia
Acrosome
covers the head of sperm and contains enzymes to help penetrate a secondary oocyte for fertilization
development of prenatal, male sexual characteristics, and sexual function and also stimulation of anabolism
testosterone and DHT effect
Epididymis
site of sperm maturation
consists of tightly, coiled ductus epidydymis
epididymus
urethra (male)
protastic, membranous, and spongy
Corpora Cavernosa
2 dorsolateral masses that fill with blood during sexual intercourse causing stiffening of the penis
Corpora Cavernnosa expansion
compresses drainage veins, retards blood outflow, and maintain engorgement
parasympathetic fibers produce and release nitric oxide which causes the smooth muscle walls of arterioles in the penis to dilate and large amounts of blood enter the tisuse into dilated blood sinuses
erection
Erection
brough on by parasympathetic innervation
Ovarain cycle
follicle matures, ovum sheds, corpus luteum develops
corpus luteum
produces progesterone, estrogens, inhibin and relaxin until it degenerates into scar tissue called corpus albicans
contains remnants of a ruputured mature follicle after ovulation
corpus luteum
Ovulation
the rupture and expultion of secondary oocyte
Peg cells
secretes a fluid providing nourishment for ovum
located in the mucosa of uterine tubes
peg cells
Fimbriae
finger-like projections that extend from the infundibulium
locatated in uterine tubes and sweeps the ovum from pelvic cavity into uterine tube
fimbriae
stratum functionalis (layer of uterus)
shed each month during masturation
stratum basalis (layer of uterus)
permanent; gives rise to a new stratum fuctionalis after each menstruation
Capacitation
a process that semen undergoes that allow sperm to fertilize the ovum
cervical mucus causes the sperm's tail to beat more vigorously and prepares the sperm plasma membrane to fuse with oocyte's plasma membrane
capacitation
Cervical mucus
secreted by secretary cells of cervix
mixture of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts
cervical mucus
cervical mucus
during ovalutation, chemically more hospitable to sperm bc its less vicous and more alkaline
helps nourish sperm and protectr sperm from phagocytes and environment of uterus and vagina
cervical mucus
mons pubis labia majora/minora, clitoris, vestibule
vulva/pudendum
stimulates ovarian follicle to secrete estrogens
FSH and LH
trigger ovulation and then promotes the formation of the corpus luteum
LH hormone
prepares the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized ovum
estrogen and progesterone
Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS)
causes apoptosis of cells i the Mullerian ducts in developing males
Menstruation phase (1-5)
decrease levels of estrogen and progesterone that in turn stimulates PROSTAGLANDIN release that cause spiral arterioles to constrict shutting off blood supply to cells that are then shed
Preovulatory/Proliferative (6-13)
estrogen and inhibin are secreted which allows one follicle to outgrow other follicles; uterus lining thickens
Ovulation (14)
mature follicles ruptures and secondary oocyte is released in pelvis cavity
high levels of estrogen has positive feedback effect on celss seceting LH and GnRH
Ovulation (14)
Postovulatory/Secretory phase (15-28)
estrogen and progesteron prepare endometrium for implantation of fertilized ovum