PR2 REVIEWER
How can in-text citations be shortened when there are more than three authors?
In-text citations can be shortened by using the first author's last name followed by "et al." and the publication year.
How do the updated heading styles differ from the previous ones?
The updated heading styles are more consistent and hierarchical. Level 1 headings are centered and bold, while levels 2-5 are left-aligned and use bold/italic formatting. Levels 4 and 5 have periods and text on the same line.
How should contributors other than authors be cited in academic writing?
The citation format depends on the style guide (APA, MLA, Chicago). Generally, include the contributor's role, name, title, and other relevant information. For example, a film might be cited as "Smith, J. (Director). (2023). Movie title. Production company."
How should Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) be formatted in citations?
DOIs should be formatted as URLs, starting with "https://doi.org/" followed by the specific DOI number. For example, the correct format is: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
Are there any exceptions to including publisher location in citations?
the publisher location may not be necessary or relevant.
What are some recommended fonts for academic writing?
Some commonly recommended fonts for academic writing include Times New Roman, Arial, Georgia, Calibri, and Lucida Sans Unicode.
How should you list authors in a reference list when there are more than 20 authors?
When there are more than 20 authors, you should list the first 19 authors followed by an ellipsis (...) and then the last author. For example:
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., ... Nelson, T. P. (2018).
What is the correct way to use pronouns when referring to a person whose gender is unknown or unspecified?
The singular "they" is a commonly accepted and grammatically correct way to refer to a person whose gender is unknown or unspecified. This is preferred over gendered pronouns like "he" or "she" and avoids making assumptions about the person's gender.
How should you cite a web page in academic writing?
When citing a web page, you typically include the author's name, the publication date, the title of the article, the name of the website, and the URL. For example
Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
How can I ensure I'm using the appropriate level of specificity when describing my research participants?
When describing your research participants, it's important to be as specific as possible without overgeneralizing. Avoid broad categories like "over-65s" and instead use more precise age ranges like "people aged 65 to 75." Similarly, instead of using broad ethnicities like "Asian participants," be more specific by listing the specific ethnicities included in your study, such as "Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Thai participants."
What is a running head and why is it no longer required in many academic papers?
A running head is a shortened title that appears at the top of each page of a paper, usually in the header. It was traditionally used to help with formatting and identification, especially in printed documents.
What is a paradigm in the context of research?
A paradigm is a set of beliefs and assumptions that guide research. It's like a framework that shapes how researchers approach a study, including what they consider important, how they collect data, and how they interpret their findings.
What are the two common research paradigms mentioned in the image?
The two common research paradigms mentioned are the IPO model and the PC model.
When is the IPO model used in research?
The IPO model is used when the research aims to isolate the factor or major variable that causes a particular problem, subject, or phenomenon. It helps to identify the input, process, and output of a system.
When is the PC model used in research?
The PC model is used when the research involves relating and assessing the influence between two or more variables. It helps to understand how changes in one variable affect another.
What is a variable in research?
A variable is a factor or characteristic that can change or vary within a study. It's something that can be measured or observed.
What is a directional hypothesis?
A directional hypothesis specifies not only the existence but also the expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
_________
relationship
___________>
effect
<_____>
regression (how strong the relationship)
related studies
5 years
related literature
10 years
related theory
any year
is the research problem
input
data gathering technique
process
desired outcome of the research
output
always explain/expressed a negative manner
null hypothesis
always expressed positively
alternative hypothesis
What is a research hypothesis?
A research hypothesis is a statement that proposes a relationship between two or more variables. It's a prediction about the outcome of a study.
What is a conceptual framework?
A conceptual framework is a structure that guides a research study. It outlines the theories, concepts, and relationships that will be explored in the research.
What is a complex hypothesis?
A complex hypothesis predicts the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. It's a more intricate prediction than a simple hypothesis, which only involves one independent and one dependent variable.
What is a theoretical framework?
theoretical framework is a structure that guides a research study. It outlines the theories that will be used to explain and understand the research topic. It provides a foundation for the study and helps to ensure that the research is grounded in existing knowledge.
What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a tentative prediction or educated guess about the relationship between two or more variables in a population under study. It's a statement that suggests a possible explanation for a phenomenon.
What is a simple hypothesis?
A simple hypothesis predicts the relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable. It's a straightforward prediction about how one variable affects another.