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reactions of alkanes
none
reactions of alkenes
substitution, addition (markovnikov's rule)
reactions of aromatics
substitution
methanol, ethanol, ispropanol common names
methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol
electronegativity order
F O N Cl Br I S C H B
ether reactants + reaction type
2 alcohols, condensation
ether naming
shorter chain is prefix + oxy, longer chain is root
methanal, ethanal, propanal, butanal common names
formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, proprionaldehyde, butyraldehyde
aldehyde shortest length
1
ketone shortest length
3
methanoic acid, ethanoic acid common names
formic acid, acetic acid
glycerol iupac
1,2,3-propatriol
fat molecule synthesis
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
saponification reactants and products
triglyceride + base -> glycerol + 3 soap molecules
both polar and non polar
amphipathic
basic functional groups
amines and amides
acidic functional groups
carboxylic acid
markovnikovs rule
H goes on the C part of the double bond that has more H
nitric acid + reaction
HNO3, substitution for -NO2 (nitro) group
reactants to make primary amine
alkyl halide and ammonia
reactants to make secondary amines
primary amine + alkyl halide
reactions to make polymers
condensation, addition
why are plastics stretchy
cross linking btw. polymer chains
why are addition plastic polymers bad
saturated and very stable; condensation polymers more biodegradeable bc hydrolysis
hydrogenation catalysts
Pt and Pd
good leaving groups for elimination
OH (alkane -> alkene), halogens (MUST alkene -> aklyne)
amide reactants
amine + carboxylic acid
oxidation possibilities
gain of O atom or removal of two H from adjacent atoms
alcohol type that can be oxidized twice + products
primary, aldehyde, carboxylic acid
oxidation agent and catalyst
KMnO4 and H2SO4
products of oxidation of tertiary alcohol
none
products of oxidation of secondary alcohol
ketone
most reactive alcohol type in substitution
tertiary