Unit 1: Key Terms for A and P
Science
method of observing and measuring natural phenomena in order to explain them
Anatomy
study of structure of human body
Physiology
study of body's functions
How are form and function related?
Function follows form
Metabolism
living organisms carry out chemical reactions
Growth
building outweighs breaking down processes: two forms, size and number
Cellular composition
cells are basic units of life
Excretion
elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes
Responsiveness or irritability
sensing and reacting to changes or stimuli in environment
Reproduction
Individual cells reproduce during growth and to replace damaged or old cells, Organisms itself reproduces: yields similar offspring
Levels of Structural Organization
1. Chemical level, 2. Cellular level, 3. Tissue level, 4. Organ level, 5. Organ System level, 6. Organism level
Levels of organization
Atom-Molecule-Macromolecule-Organelle-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism
Integumentary system
Includes: Hair, skin, nails
Function: Protects body from the external environment, vitamin D, retains water, regulates body temp
Skeletal System
Includes: bones and joints
Functions: Supports the body, protects internal organs, provides leverage for movement, produces blood cells, stores calcium salts
Muscular system
Incudes: skeletal muscles
Functions: Produces movement, controls body openings, generates heat
Nervous System
Includes: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Functions: Regulates body functions, provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and high mental functions via nerve impulses
Endocrine System
Includes: pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes
Functions: regulates body functions, regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones
Cardiovascular system
Includes: blood vessels, heart
Function: pumps and delivers oxygen, removes waste from tissues, transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
Lymphatic system
Includes: tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus spleen, lymphatic vessels
Functions: returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system, provides immunity
Respiratory system
Includes: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs
Functions: delivers oxygen to the blood, removes carbon dioxide from the body, maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
Digestive system
Includes: mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large and small intestine
Functions: digests food, adsorbs nutrients into the blood, and removes food waste. maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Urinary system
Includes: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions: removes metabolic wastes from the blood, maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, and stimulates blood cell production
Reproductive system
Includes: prostate gland, ductus deferences, testis, penis, mammary glands, uterine tube, very, uterus, vagina
Functions: produces and transports sperm, secrets hormones, sexual function
Anatomical position
a common frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described
Anterior
toward the front
Posterior
toward the back
Superior
toward the head
Inferior
toward the tail
Proximal
closer to the point of origin (the trunk)
Distal
farther away from the point of origin (the trunk)
Medial
closer to the midline of the body or a body part:on the inner side
Lateral
farther away from the midline of the body or a body part: on the outer side
Superficial
closer to the surface
Deep
farther below the surface
Axial
head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
upper and lower limbs or appendages
Head, anterior view
Cranial
Frontal
forehead
Ocular
eyes
Nasal
nose
Otic
ears
Buccal
cheeks
Oral
mouth
Mental
chin
Acromial
shoulder
Axillary
armpit
Brachial
bicep
Antecubital
middle of arm
Carpal
wrist
Metacarpal
palm
Pollex
thumb
Digital
fingers
Coxal
hip
Femoral
thigh
Patellar
knee
Crural
calf
Torsal
ankle
Metatarsal
top of foot
Hallux
big toe
Digital
toes
Sagittal plane
cuts the body down the middle: midsagittal and parasagittal
Frontal plane
divides the body in anterior(front) and posterior (back)
Transverse plane
divides the body horizontally in superior (head) and inferior(tail)
Cavity
any fluid-filled space within body
Posterior body cavity, lateral view
cranial cavity, vertebral(spinal) cavity
Anterior body cavity, anterior view
Lungs, thoracic cavity, diaphragm, mediastinum, pericardial cavity, abdominal cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, pelvic cavity
The 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrant, Right lower quadrant, Left upper quadrant, Left lower quadrant
The 9 abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region, Right lumbar region, Umbilical region, Left lumbar region, Right iliac region, Hypogastric region, left iliac region
Serous membranes
Thin sheets of tissue: form cavities in ventral cavity: surround heart, lungs and many abdominal organs
Visceral layer
in contact with underlying organs, covers the heart and the great vessels
Serous fluid
within cavity between two membrane layers: extremely thin layer of lubricating fluid
Pleural membranes
Outer parietal pleura(follow contours of thoracic wall)
Inner visceral pleura( runs along surface of lungs)
Pericardial membranes
Outer parietal pericardium(separates the heart from mediastinum)
Inner visceral pericardium (lies directly on heart muscle)
Peritoneal membranes
surrounds some of abdominal organs
Out parietal peritoneum and inner visceral peritoneum
Homeostasis
physiological process operates to maintain body's homeostasis
Homeostatic imbalances
disturbances in homeostasis can lead to disease or death if uncorrected
Negative feedback
oppose initial change in regulated variable: reduce output
Negative feedback loops
Stimulus-Receptor-Control center-Effector/Response
Positive feedback loops
less common than negative feedback loops: effector activity increases and reinforces initial stimulus: shuts off when conditions return to normal range