gr 9 science exam 1
Define: Cell cycle
A process where the parent cell grows, duplicates itself, and divides to lroduce bew daughter cells, ussually two.
Define: Somatic cell
Any cell of a living organism except for sex cells
Define: Haploid cell
only sex cells are haploid cells because the contain a half set of chromosomes.
Define: Diploid cell
Organisms with two are made up of diploid cells because there are two full sets of chromosomes
Define: Trait
Is a variation of a characteristic. ex long eyelashes, brown eyes vs blue eyes
Define: characteristic
Is a feature in a individual species :ex eye colour or wings on a butterfly
Define: continuous variation
Traits that have a range of forms: ex heights
Define: Discrete variation
Traits that have a defined form: ex earlobes attached or not
Define: Genotype
Genetic code in cells
Define: phenotype
The visible trait, physical expression of the trait
Define: DNA
Deoxytribonucleic acid, is represented by a twisted ladder shape. Makes up our genetic code
Define: cancer
Cancer is the term used when a cell grows uncotrollably. Ussually occurs when there is a tumor.
Define: Gene
Coded instructions for a specific characteristic, made of DNA, they are considered dominant or recessive
Define: chromosome
Chromosomes are found in the nucleous of the cell. each nucleous has 46 chromosomes. 23 from each parent
Define: allele
each person inherits two alleles per gene, one from each parent.
Define: Fertilization
The union of an egg cell and a sperm cell(gametes) to create a zygote.
Define: implantation
once the blastocyst reaches the uterus it attaches itself to the endomitrium. Implantation prevents menstruation.
Define: Gametes
sex cells which unite to create a zygote
Define: Menstruation
FSH is released in the bloodstream, Fsh reaches ovaries, estrogen is released jnto bloodstream,
Define: Embryo
a offspring in the early stages of development
Define: FSH
Folical stimulating hormone, this hormone is sent from the brain to the gonads to produce gametes.
Define: IVF In Vitro Fertilization
Two gametes are placed in a glass fish and once they have been fertilized they are placed in the mothers uterus.
Define Genetic engineering
anything that genetically alters DNA, involves inserting genes from another species.
Define: selective breeding
Selecting and breedind individuals with disreable traits to produce offsprings that have these traits ex: corn , horses
Define: cloning
An exact cooy of ones genetic makeup.
Define: artificial reproduction technology
Artificially fertilizing an egg without the act of sex.
What is the cell cycle and why is it important?
a process where a parent cell grows, duplicates and divides to produce new daughter cells, usually two.
Which cells participate in Mitosis and which participate in Meiosis?
All somatic cells participate in mitosis and all haploid cells meiosis.
Order of mitosis
Interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokenisis
Define: interphase
The cell spends most its life here. producing more chromosomes and preparing for mitosis.
Define: prophase
The chromosomes condense and prepare to split.
Define: Metaphase
The chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell and long spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes.
Define: Anaphase
Chromosomes stands split and move towards opposite ends.
Define: Telophase
Chromosomes begin to lengthen and become less condensed. neucleic acid starts to reform.
Define: Cytokenisis
The cell has succesfully divided into two and is fully functionable.
Define: Binary fission
single celled organisms divide into two new organisms, very similar to mitosis but there id no nucleus so its simpler.
Define: Budding
The parent produces a small bud which developes into a tiny clone.
Define: Parthogenesis
Reproducing through unfertilized eggs.
Define: spores
a spore is a haploid cell that can grow into a new organism. Travels by wind or water.
Define: Vegetive reproduction
A cutting, Runners, Tubers and bulbs.
Define fragmentation
Fragmentation happens when a piece of the living organism breaks off and creates a clone.
Define: Grafting
Grafting is when one part of a plant is joined onto a entirely different plant and continue to grow as one.