Psych Final
any action that can be observed or measured
Behavior
to explain behavior, to predict behavior, to control behavior
Overall goal of psychology
the scientific study of the human mind and its functions
Psychology
a basic truth or law
Principles
the inner concept of knowing what is right and wrong
Morality
means “looking within” and is an examination of our own thoughts and feelings
Introspection
the study of observable behavior
Behaviorism
focuses on the link between biology and behavior
Biological Perspective
focuses on how our thoughts determine our behavior
Cognitive Perspective
focuses on how behavior and mental processes adapt and progress over time
Evolutionary Perspective
for a study to have any validity, other researchers need to be able to follow the same steps and come up with the same results
Study Replication
a small group of people chosen to be a representative sample of a target population
Sample
a measure of the relationship between two variables
Correlation
when two variables increase together
Positive Correlation
when one variable increases and the other decreases
Negative Correlation
does not get the treatment and serves as a benchmark
Control Group
neither the researchers or the participants know who is getting the treatment and who is in the placebo group
Double-blind Studies
traumatic brain injuries that are caused by a blow, a penetrating injury, a bump, illness, etc.
TBIs
this debate looks at how much influence our rearing has on our future behavior, and how much our biological makeup has on our future behavior
Nature vs Nurture
brings on most memories
Sense of smell
this method is used when distinguishing sensory stimuli that takes into account not only the strength of the stimuli, but also such elements as setting and one's physical state
Signal-detection Theory
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
Perception
the minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli
Difference Threshold
how high or low a sound is and is based on the cycles per second
Pitch
when our brains finish an image that’s incomplete
Closure
when our brains think of similar objects as belonging together
Similarity
when our brains assume that people or things moving together, belong together
Common Fate
dominant sense
Sight
refers to the idea of being aware that you’re a unique individual who is part of a GINORMOUS world
Sense of self
difficulty in falling and staying asleep
Insomnia
when breathing is interrupted during sleep
Sleep Apnea
an altered state of consciousness when people are highly suggestible and act as though they’re in a trance
Hypnosis
being aware of things inside ourselves
Direct Inner Awareness
biological clock
Circadian Rhythm
the awareness of things inside and outside ourselves
Consciousness
one function of sleep is to help form memories
Sleep and Memory Formation
occurs when a positive stimulus is used to counter a negative stimulus
Counter Conditioning
given after a desired behavior is witnessed in order to encourage a repeat behavior
Positive Reinforcers
increases the likelihood of a behavior being learned and repeated when they are removed
Negative Reinforcers
ones related to our basic needs because without them, we’d not survive or thrive
Primary Reinforcement
learning that takes place when people and other animals learn to behave in certain ways because of the results of previous experiences
Operant Conditioning
when a person learns simply through observing and imitating another’s behavior and actions
Modeling
a simple form of learning that happens automatically when two stimuli are linked in order to form a learned response from the association
Classical Conditioning
decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow because the consequence/punishment is unwanted and not pleasant for the learner
Punishment
occurs when we respond differently to unrelated responses
Discrimation
causes an automatic response
Unconditioned Stimulus
a learned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
learning that takes place after a single pairing of a response and a stimulus
One-trial Learning
learning that is hidden until we need it
Latent Learning
the more intense the stimuli, the more aware we are of it
Intense Stimuli
people dissociate in order to repress urges that they find unacceptable
Psychoanalytic Theory
means fear and phobic disorders relate to fears that people have of specific things
Phobias
ongoing, unchanging behaviors and traits that are a major disruption to a person’s personal life and potentially their work as well (10 total)
Personality Disorders