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PSYC*1000 memory

Memory

a collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time

Sensory memory

is a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

Stores

retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose.

control processes

shift information from one memory store to another

attention

selects which information will be passed on to SRTM

encoding

the process of storing information in the LTM system

retrieval

brings information from LTM back into the STM

iconic memory

the visual form of sensory memory.

echoic memory

the auditory form, of sensory memory

short term memory

is a memory store with limited capacity and duration (approx. 30 seconds)

chunking

organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units.

long term memory

holds information for extended periods of time, if not permanently

Tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon-

when you are able to retrieve smaller sounding words or words that start with the same letter but cant quite retrieve the word you actually want.

serial position effect

in general, most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or two from the middle.

proactive interference

a process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information.

retroactive interference

the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into long-term memory

rehersal

repeating the information until you dont need to remember it anymore

working memory

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time.

Phonological loop

is a storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds, or as an auditory code.

word-length effect

has shown that people remember more one-syllable words than four-or five- syllable words in a short term memory task

Visuospatial sketchpad

a storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code.

feature binding

combing visual features into a single unit

episodic buffer

a storage component of working memory that combines the images and sounds from the other two components into coherent story like episodes.

central executive

is the control centre of working memory; it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among the three storage components.

declarative memories

are memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, including facts about the world and our own personal experiences.

nondeclarative memories

include actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness.

episodic memories

are declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around episodes and are recalled from a first-person perspective.

semiantic memories

declarative memories that include facts about the world

procedural memory

learned patterns of muscle movements such as how to walk etc.

Conditioning memories

gained through pairing of stimuli

long term potentiation (LTP)

demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together.

consolidation

the process of converting short-term memories in the brain which happens at the level of the small neuronal groups across the cortex.

amnesia

a profound loss of at least one form of memory

storage

refers to the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval

reconsolidation

in which the hippocampus functions to update, strengthen, or modify existing long-term memories.

cross cortical stage

these long term declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain, rather than being localized in one region

Retrograde amnesia

a condition in which memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost

maintenance rehearsal

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

elaborative rehearsal

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning

shallow processing

involves encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus, such as the sound of spelling a word.

deep processing

related to encoding information about an items meaning or its function

Self-reference effect

occurs when you think about information in terms of how it relates to you or how it is useful to you.

Recognition

involves identifying a stimulus or piece of information when it is presented to you

recall

involves retrieving information when asked but without that information being present during the retrieval process

Encoding specificity principle

retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same

Context-dependent memory

the idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding

State-dependent memory

retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding

mood-dependent memory

people remember better if their mood at retrieval matches their mood during encoding

weapon focus

the tendency to focus on a weapon at the expense of peripheral information, including the identity of the person holding the weapon

flashbulb memory

an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event.

the forgetting curve

shows that most forgetting occurs right away, and the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all

mnemonic

a technique intended to improve memory for specific information

method of loci

a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

First-letter technique

uses the first letters of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence

dual coding

occurs when information is stored in more than one form.

desirable difficulties

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful but result in better overall remembering

testing effect

the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance , even without additional studying

Cognitive offloading

the use of an action or device to reduce cognitive demands imposed by a given task

schemas

organized clusters of memories that constitute a persons knowledge or beliefs about events, objects and ideas

constructive memory

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and add in specific details

infantile amnesia

you do not have any personal or autobiographical memories from before your third birthday

false memory

remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event

misinformation effect

when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event

source memory

the memory for how or where information was initially acquired

imagination inflation

the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event

Guided imagery

a technique used by some clinicians to help people recover details of events they were unable to remember

DRM procedure

participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associates (associated by meaning)

Recovered memory

a memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time.

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