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Biology chapter 2

The smallest piece of an element that
retains the characteristics of the element

Atoms

Subatomic particles of atom. What is an atom composed of?

protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Surround the atomic nucleus.
They are very small and move very fast.

Electrons

Are close together in the atomic nucleus,
which is the center of the atom.

Protons and neutrons

positively charged

Protons

Neutral (none) charge

Neutrons

Negatively charged

Electrons

What determines the atomic number

Protons

What does an element’s atomic number indicates

It determines how many protons
are in each atom of that element.

What determines the mass number

Protons and neutrons

What is the total number of protons
and neutrons in its nucleus.

An atom’s mass number

What is same atomic number, different mass number called

Isotopes

The different structures of proteins

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

Primary structure (sequence):

Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Localized areas of coils, sheets, and loops
within a polypeptide

Secondary structure (“substructure”)

Overall shape of one polypeptide

Tertiary structure (polypeptide shape):

Overall protein shape, arising from interaction
between the multiple polypeptides that make

up the functional protein. Only proteins with

multiple polypeptides have quaternary

structure.

Quaternary structure (protein shape):

properties of water

Cohesive, adhesive, cohesive & adhesive, excellent solvent, excellent solvent for salt (NaCl), only dissolves selected molecules, regulates temperature, expands when it freezes, and participates in chemical reactions needed for life.

Difference b/n hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Hydrophilic (“water-loving”) substances.
• Polar solutes

• Ions


Hydrophobic (“water-fearing”) solutes.

• The molecules in lipids, like the butter shown here, have

nonpolar covalent bonds.

A type of chemical reaction.

To “digest” or break down a polymer, enzymes break

bonds between the monomers.


A water molecule is required for the reaction to occur.

Hydrolysis

A type of chemical reaction.
To synthesize a polymer, enzymes form bonds between two

monomers.

As part of the reaction, a water molecule is released.

Dehydration synthesis

Difference b/n Hydrolysis and Dehydration

Hydrolysis: breaks polymers into monomers

Dehydration synthesis: joins monomers into polymers

Some examples of lipids

Triglycerides (fats), Phospholipids, Steroids, and waxes

Contains at least one double bond, which gives the
fatty acid a bent shape. (liquid at room temperature)

unsaturated
fatty acid

fatty acid are bonded to four other atoms.
This makes the fatty acid have a straight shape.


(solid at room temperature)

saturated

One atom donates one or more electrons to another atom;
electronegativity difference between atoms is very large (>1.7). The resulting oppositely charged ions attract each other.



(Ye quiz mels) an electrical attraction occurs between two atoms of different charge.

Ionic bond

Two atoms share pairs of electrons

Covalent bond

Electronegativity difference between atoms is small (<0.4).

Nonpolar

Electronegativity difference between atoms is moderate or large (0.4 to 1.7).

Polar

An atom with a partial negative charge attracts a hydrogen atom with a
partial positive charge. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent

molecules or between different parts of a large molecule.

Hydrogen bond

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