comp politics
comparative politics
The study and comparison of domestic politics across countries
International relations
Field in political science, the concentrates when relations between countries such as foreign policy war, trade and foreign aid
institutions
An organization or activity that is self perpetuating and valued for its own sake
politics
The struggle in any group for power will give one or more person ability to make decisions for the larger group
Power
Ability to influence others to impose one's will on them
comparative method
That means by which social sciences make comparisons across cases
inductive reasoning
Research that works from case studies in order to generate hypothesis
deductive reasoning
Research that works for a hypothesis that is then tested against data
correlation
And apparent relationship between two or more variables
casual relationship
cause an effect when change in one variable causes a change in another variable
Multicasuality
when variables are interconnected and interact to produce particular outcomes
Area studies
Regional focus when studying political science rather than studying parts of the world for similar variables or clustered
Selection bias
Focus on effect rather than causes which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation or causation
dependent variable
Variable whose value changes based on that of another
independent variable
A variable whose valued does not depend on that of another
endogeneity
The issue that caused an effect or not often clear, and that variables may be both cause-and-effect in relationship to one another
theory
An integrated set of hypothesis, assumptions, and facts
modernization theory
Theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism
behavioural revolution
And movement with political science string the 1950s and 1960s develop the general theory about individual political behaviour that can be applied across all countries
Qualititative method
Study through an in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases
quantitative method
Study through statistical data from many cases
rational choice
Approach assumes that individuals way the cost and benefits and choices to maximize their benefits
Game theory
And approach the emphasizes how actors were organizations behaved in their goal to influence others built upon assumptions of rational choice
formal institutions
Institutions usually based on officially sanctioned rules that are relatively clear
informal institutions
Institutions with unwritten and unofficial rules
freedom
The ability of an individual to act independently without fear of restrictions or punishment by the state or other individuals or groups in society
equality
Material standard of living shared by individuals within the community society or country
State
The organization that maintains a monopoly of force over a given territory
A set of political institutions that generate an execute policy regarding freedom and equality
sovereignty
The ability of a state to carry actions and policies with an a territory independently of external actors and internal rivals
Regime
The fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying, long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collect collective equality or power should reside and how it should be used
Government
The leadership or elites in charge of running the state
Country
Estate government and regime in the people lived within that political system
consensus
Individuals been together to protect themselves and create common rules leadership chosen from among the people security through cooperation that is democratic rule
coercion
Individuals are brought together by ruler who imposes authority in monopolizes power security through domination that is authoritarian rule
legitimacy
Whereby an institution is accepted by the public as right and proper thus giving it authority and power
traditional legitimacy
Legitimacy that accepts aspects of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time. example monarch
charismatic legitimacy
Legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader example Vladimir linen also weakly institutionalized
rational, legal legitimacy
Legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized Example biden
federalism
A system in which significant state power such as taxation, lawmaking insecurity are evolved to regional or local bodies
asymmetric federalism
A system in which power is butted unevenly among regional bodies, for example, some regions are given greater power over taxation or language rights than others are more likely outcome in a country with significant ethnic divisions
devolution
A process in which political power is sent down to lower levels of state and government
strong state
estate that is able to fulfil basic tasks, such as defending territory, making an enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy
weak state
Estate that has difficulty fulfilling basic tasks, such as defending territory, making an enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy
failed state
Estate so weak that it's political structure, collapsing to anarchy and violence, but does not necessarily mean anarchy
capacity
The ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks, such as defending territory, making an enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy
autonomy
The ability of the state to wield its power independently of the public or international actors
Society
Complex human organization, a collection of people bound by shared institution that define how human relations should be conducted
ethnic identity/ethnicity
Specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from another
nation
A group that desire self government through an independence state
National identtity
A sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations
nationalism
Pride and one's people in the belief that they have a unique political destiny
citizenship
An individual relationship to the state where citizens were allegiance to that state and the state and return is obligated to provide rights to those citizens
patriotism
Pride in one state
nation state
a state encompassing, one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent
ethnic conflict
A conflict in which different ethnic groups struggled to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense
National conflict
A conflict in which one or more groups within a country developed clear aspiration for political independence, clashing with others as a result
political attitude
Description of one's view regarding the speed and methods with which political changes should take place in a given society
radicals
Those were the political attitude that favours dramatic, often revolutionary change of existing political, social or economic order
liberals
Those were the political attitude that favor, evolutionary change, and who believe that existing institutions can be instruments of Positive change
conservatives
Those were the political attitude that is sceptical of change and support the current order
reactionaries
Those who seek to restore the institution of a real or imagined earlier order
political ideology
the basic values held by an individual about the fundamental goals of politics or the ideal balance of freedom and quality
what are the five dominant modern ideologies?
Liberalism, communism, social, democracy, fascism, and anarchism
liberalism
A political attitude that favours evolutionary transformation and ideology and political system that favours a limited state role into society and the economy and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom
Liberal democracy
A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights
communism
A political economic system in which all wealth and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation oppression, and ultimately the need for political institutions, such as state political ideology, the advocates such a system
socialism
A political economic system in which freedom and equality are balanced through the states management of the economy, and the provision of social expenditures, a political ideology that advocates such a system
fascism
A political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state
anarchism
A political ideology that stresses the elimination of the state and private property as we achieve both freedom and equality for all
what is the corresponding ideology for liberalism?
Conservative
what is the corresponding ideology for communism?
Radical
what is the corresponding ideology for socialism?
Liberal
what is the corresponding ideology for fascism?
Reactionary
what Is the corresponding ideology for anarchism?
Radical
fundamentalism
If you offer religion is absolutely an inherent, and that it should be legally enforced by faith, the sovereign authority
culture
Basic institutions that define a society
political culture is
The basic norm for political activity in society and determining factor in what ideologies will dominate countries, political routine, unique to given count or group and distinct from political attitudes and ideologies
political economy
The study of the interaction between states and markets
market
The interaction between the forces of supply and demand that allocates resources
property
The ownership of anything tangible or intangible includes, but it's not limited to land building businesses or personal items
public goods
Goods provided or secured by the state available to society in which no private person or organization can own
social expenditures
State provision of public benefits, such as education, healthcare, and transportation
GDP
total market value of all goods & services made in a state over one year
Central Bank
The state institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy as well as how much money it cost to borrow money in that economy
inflation
An increase in the general price level of goods and services in the economy
hyper inflation
Inflation of more than 50% a month for more than two months in a row
deflation
A decline in the prices of goods and services
regulation
A rule or an order that sets the boundaries of a given procedure
Monopoly
A single producer that is able to dominate the market for a good service without effective competition
tariff
A tax on imported goods
quota
A non-tariff barrier that limits the quantity of a good that may be imported into a country
non-tariff regulatory barriers
Policies and regulations used to limit import through methods other than taxation
comparative advantage
The ability of fun country to produce a particular good or service more efficiently relative to other countries, efficiency, and producing the same good or service
political economic system
The relationship between political and economic institutions in a particular country and the policies and outcomes they create
laissez faire
The principal that the economy should be allowed to do what it wishes a liberal system of minimal state and interference in the economy
capitalism
A system of production based on private property and free markets
mercantilism
A political economic system in which national economic power is paramount, and the domestic economy is viewed as an instrument that exists primarily to serve the need of the state
parastatal
Industry partially owned by the state
PPP Purchasing power parity
Statistical tool to estimate buying power
GNI index
A statistical formula that measures the amount of inequality in a society. It's scale ranges from 0 to 100 or zero corresponds to perfect equality and 100 to perfect inequality.