bio practice final
Ecdysozoans shed their entire cuticle to facilitate growth through a process known as ecdysis. Which of the following statements accurately describes an aspect of ecdysis?
an intial proto epicuticle layer shields the new cuticle from digestion by the moutling fluid
Nematodes are outwardly similar to other "worms", such as annelids. What trait supports the phylogenetic placement of Nematoda within the clade that includes arthropods?
shedding of entire cuticle to grow
Which of the following traits is not characteristic of phylum Arthropoda?
a body plan with no internal cavity
Within the phylum Arthropoda, which characteristics differentiate both subphyla Hexapoda and Myriapoda from subphylum Chelicerata?
one pair of atennae, 3 paids of mouth parts including mandibles
Clade Pancrustaceans includes Crustaceans and Hexapods. Which of the following traits are characteristic of Crustaceans, but not Hexapods?
two pairs of antennae, biramous limbs, abodminal limbs
In addition to molecular similarities, which characteristic do the phyla Echinodermata and Chordata share?
deuterostome embryonic development
Which of the following statements about phylum Echinodermata is correct?
echinoderms use a water vasuclar system to move tube feet that are imporent for locomotion and feeding
Which of the following traits is not a shared, derived characteristic of the clade Chordates?
segmentation of the adult body plan
In the evolutionary history of chordates, the appearance of pharyngeal slits seems to have served a particular function. The initial function of chordate pharyngeal slits was most likely
structures for filter feeding
which extant group of chordates is postulated to have a body plan that is most similar to the earliest chordates?
lancelets
Which of the following is not a shared, derived trait of clade Vertebrata?
elaborate cranium with jaw
which of the following are share derived traits of clade gnathostomes
mineralization of skeleton, two pairs of lateral appendages, opposing jaws
Extant cyclostomes, hagfish and lampreys, are the oldest living lineage of vertebrates.
Which characters differentiate extant cyclostomes from extant cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyans)?
extant cyclostomes lack a vc and lack jaws
What is a key factor in the evolution of jaws that led to the diversification of gnathostomes?
jaws enabled gnathostomes to feed on larger and more diverse foods
which of the following are shared, derived traits of clade Osteichthyans?
lungs or lung derivatives and operculum
Which of the following is a shared, derived trait of clade lobe-fins?
fleshy, muscular pectoral and pelvic fins
Which of the following extant groups include members with functional lungs and gills during their adult lives?
lungfishes
There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved
the swim bladder from simple lungs
A fossil called Tiktaalik found in the Canadian arctic had fins, gills, and lungs, and its body was covered in scales. Which of the following suggests this fossil was important as a key step in the vertebrate transition from water to land?
the presence of neck and ribs
An important evolutionary innovation and a major difference between the limbs of extant lobe-finned fish and extant tetrapods is
attachment of the pelvic limbs to the vc via the pelvis in tetrapods
Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?
a sturdy finned, shallow water lobe-fin fish whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
Which of the following traits is not characteristic of most extant amphibians?
endothermic metabolism
Which of the following characteristics differentiates frogs from salamanders?
tails absent in adult stage
which of the following are shared derived traits of clade amniotes
direct development, internal fertilization via intromittent organ, amniotic egg
Amniotes are tetrapods that have terrestrially adapted amniotic eggs. Which structures of amniotic eggs protect the embryo of reptiles and birds from desiccation?
amnion, shell, chorion
Which of these statements correctly describes the phylogenetic relationship among birds, mammals, and reptiles?
birds share the closest common ancestor with dinosaurs
Which of these characteristics enabled specific groups of tetrapods to succeed in relatively dry environments?
the shelled amniotic egg
Which of the following is not considered an adaptation that benefits flight in birds?
cloaca
the evolution of isnualting skin covering such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of
convergent evolution
Which of the following traits are for marsupials?
simple placenta, embryonic development not completed within the uterus, cloaca
Which of the following is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys?
anthropoids
Which of the following traits are critically important for the arboreal life of monkeys?
grasping hand and feet and forward looking eyes
Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the evolution of bipedalism in hominins?
repositioning of foramen magnum
Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct?
fossil evidence indicated that early hominins were increasingly bipedal but retained arboreally adapted skeletons
Which of these Hominin taxa was the first to have been adapted for long-distance bipedalism?
homo ergaster
Which of these Hominin taxa had members who migrated out of Africa?
homo erectus, homo sapiens, homo heidelbergensis
Which of the following is not a defining characteristic of Kingdom Animalia (ignoring exceptions)?
Presence of cell walls made of collagen. Animals do not have cell walls!
Clade Deuterostomia is one of three major branches of clade Bilateria, encompassing animals such as chordates (including vertebrates) and echinoderms. Which of the following combinations of developmental traits would characterize embryonic development for clade Deuterostomia?
coelom forms from the mesoderm folds from the archenteron wall; radial, intermediate cleavage
Why do sponges (phylum Porifera) constitute a distinct lineage separate from all other animal phyla?
sponges lack true tissues
An animal that is triploblastic, undergoes protostome embryonic development, shows cephalization, and grows via ecdysis, could be a member of which groups?
phylum arthropods, clade ecdysozoa, clade eumetazoa
-Since clades are nested, an animal from phylum Arthropoda is a member of clade Ecdysozoa, as well as a member of clade Eumetazoa. Thus, some, but not all, animals of Eumetazoa will have the traits described in the question.
which of the following characteristics are SDT for clade bilateria
bilateral symmetry, 3 embryonic cell layers
Against which rigid structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?
coelomic fluid
In phylum Annelida, what character differentiates leeches from earthworms, both of which are Sedentarians
leeches lack chaetae
A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which class?
gastropoda
Among parasitic Rhabditophorans (Platyhelminthes), which of the following would be expected?
presence of suckers or piercing structures for attachment
What structure differentiates Ectoprocts and Brachiopods from other Lophotrochozoa?
suspension feeding via lophophore
Which of the following Lophotrochozoans have a coelom?
mollusca, brachipoda, annelida
The bilaterian clade Lophotrochozoa includes approximately 18 animal phyla, exhibiting a vast array of body forms. What fundamental feature unites all these animals within this clade?
molecular phylogeny
Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships
increased apperance of species with defensive adaptions such as hard protective shells in the fossil record
Which of the following components can be observed in the mesohyl of various sponges at one time or another?
spongin, spicules, zygotes, amoebocytes
-Spicules and spongin are structural components found in the gel-like matrix of the mesohyl, but they are not tissues. Porifera lack tissues.
Choanocytes are specialized cells located on the inner layer of sponges, not in the mesohyl.
how does group radiata (ctenophora and cnidaria) and their last common ancestor differe from other eumetazoans
diploblastic embryogenesis
In phylum Cnidaria, which of the following traits is unique to the clade Anthozoa?
absence of medusa life stage
Phylum Cnidaria includes taxa with a variety of body forms, but all share what common feature?
Cnidaria have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening surrounded by tentacles
haploid spores of fungi are produced ...
either sexually or asexually
yeasts are fungi that do not produce hyphae, which of the following statements about yeasts are accurate?
yeasts evolved independetnly in several lineages of hyphae forming fungi
Which of the following characters differentiates Zygomycetes & Glomeromycetes from Ascomycetes & Basidiomycetes?
zygomycete and glomerocyetes have coenocytic hyphae
What feature differentiates the life cycle of fungi from other eukaryotes with haploid-dominated life cycles?
Fungi have a heterokaryotic stage between plasmogamy and karyogamy
Lichens are symbiotic associations between ascomycete fungi and what other organisms?
cyanobacteria, green algae
which of the following accuratley describes sexual reproduction in the life cycle of fungi
Karyogamy occurs after the formation of a heterokaryotic mycelium
Which of the following are shared, derived traits of the clade including charophytes and land plants (clade Streptophyta)?
rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins, coiled and biflagellated sperm
Which of the following statements accurately describes alternation of generations in land plants (kingdom Plantae)?
The life cycle of land plants alternates between multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte generations
On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a.
Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean.
The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?
dependant embryos
you find a green phtosynethic organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not a charophyte alga.
The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not a charophyte if it ....
has epidermal stomata
The theory for the origin of eukaryotes through serial endosymbiosis proposes that
The ancestors of mitochondria & plastids were aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes & photosynthetic prokaryotes, respectively.
In what ways do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes?
-Eukaryotic genomes are found within a membrane-bound nucleus
-Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton and dynamic membranes
-Meiosis and fertilization promotes genetic recombination in eukaryotes
Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the endosymbiont theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells?
-Structural similarities between mitochondria and plastids with bacteria, such as double membrane structure and circular DNA.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts have small, circular genomes independent of the nuclear genome.
-Independent replication of mitochondria and plastids within the eukaryotic cell.
Phototrophs are found in most lineages (supergroups) of protists outside of the Archaeplastida. How did this arise?
Secondary endosymbiosis of phototrophic protists by heterotrophic eukaryotes
Mixotrophic nutrition is observed in unrelated lineages of unicellular protists. What is the most logical explanation for this observation?
Retention of chemoheterotrophic metabolism in protists lineages that descended from ancestors possessing an Archaeplastida endosymbiont
Which of the following events are examples of adaptive radiation?
-Expansion of marine predators following the Permian extinction
-Speciation of the Galápagos finches from a single common ancestor
- Diversification of birds
-Expansion of mammal diversity from the beginning of the Cenozoic Era
Which of the following features is incorrect for all prokaryotes from domain Bacteria?
circular chromosomes in membrance enclosed nucleoid region
If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a sub-fossil that has one-eighth (1/8) of the original proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old?
17,200
prokaryote transduction
transfer genetic material between prokaryotic cells via a virus vector
CO2/ HCO3- & light
photoautotroph
CO2/ HCO3- & inorganic chemicals
chemoautotroph
CO2/ HCO3- & organic chmicals
not a nutrional mode
organic compounds & light
photoheterotroph
organic compounds & inorganic chemicals
not a nutrional mode
organic compounds & organic chemicals
chemoheterotroph
What is the primary reason why mutations accumulate quickly in prokaryote populations, even though the frequency of mutations during asexual reproduction is very low?
Prokaryotes reproduce very quickly by binary fission
Two-humped Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) that are native to the steppes of Central Asia and one-humped dromedaries (Arabian camels; Camelus dromedarius) that are found in arid regions of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring known as hybrid camels.
The Bactrian camel and dromedary are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor approximately 4-5 million years ago (relatively recently in geologic time), and although Bactrian camels and dromedaries differ in appearance, their genomes are highly conserved.
The two species concepts most likely to place Bactrian camels and dromedaries together into a single species are
biological and phylogenetic
Most coral species are broadcast spawners: they release their gametes (sperm and eggs) into open water without courtship for external fertilization. Which of these prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanisms might operate for coral species living on the same reef?
temporal isolation, gametic isolation
diversifcation of snapping shrim species (Alpheus spp.) in the Caribbean and Pacific adjacent to the Isthmus of Panama is an example of ...
allopatric speciation
Which of the following is unlikely to contribute to sympatric speciation?
genetic drift in geographically isolated populations
Two populations of a single mouse species have been separated by a river for many generations. Climatic change causes the river to dry up, thereby bringing the two mouse populations back into contact in a zone of overlap. Which of the following is not a possible outcome when they meet?
They interbreed in the region of overlap, producing inferior hybrids with reduced fitness. Subsequent interbreeding among inferior hybrids produces progressively superior hybrids over several generations.
Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing allele frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?
genetic drift
Mutation is an evolutionary mechanism that
introduces new alleles into population
If the population of finches that first colonized the Galápagos Islands from South America were already genetically different from the original population of South American finches prior to adapting to the Galápagos, this would have been an example of ...
founder effect, genetic drift
The availability of two different types of food (soft-seeded and hard-seeded sedge species) has led to disruptive selection for beak size in the black-bellied seedcracker (Pyrenestes ostrinus).
If a new pathogen killed the sedge species producing the soft seeds across the geographic range of a population of black-bellied seedcracker, how would you expect beak size to change in this population over several generations?
the population mean beak width and length would increase
For a single butterfly species, which of the following will most likely produce a population of this species consisting of individuals that have one of two strikingly different colour patterns?
disruptive selection
What is a possible impact of gene flow on a population?
slow adaption of the recipient population to the local environment
Ancestral birds and ancestral mammals both shared a common ancestor that was terrestrial. Today, penguins (which are birds) and seals (which are mammals) have forelimbs adapted for swimming (flippers).
The relationship of the bones in the forelimbs of penguins and seals is best described as X
, while the flippers of penguins and seals are best described as Y
X= homologous Y= analogus
Which of the following criteria are not useful when trying to determine how closely related two types of organisms are?
That both organisms occupy the same habitat, That both organisms are found over large geographic ranges
phenotype is
determined by the interaction of an organism genotype and environmental factors
Which of the following statements are supported by changes in beak depth of the Medium Ground Finch on the Galápagos island of Daphne Major over multiple generations?
the direction of natural selection may reverse if the selective pressures change
Statements that support Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection include?
Competition among individuals in a population occurs because resources are limited
Populations that persist over thousands of generations will show adaptation to their environment
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