Specialised Cells spec 2b-2.5B, 2.6B
differentiation - the _________ by which a ___________ _____________ to become ___________ for its job
process, cell, changes, specialised
stem cells - ____________ ___________
undifferentiated cells
stem cells: all cells in our body are __________ from stem cells. 2 Functions: can ___________ to ___________ more stem cells. ______________ into ____________ ___________ of cells
derived, divide, produce, differentiate, different, types
embryonic stem cells - can ___________ into ___________ types of cells. taken from ____________. embryonic stem cells need to be __________ at the _______ ________ in the _____________ of the __________
differentiate, all, embryos, harvested, early, stages, development, embryos
adult stem cells: can only ________ into certain types of cells, e.g. _______ cells. taken from _________ ____________ of adults. adult stem cells can be __________ in places such as _____________, ___________, __________, liver, skin, heart muscle, and bone marrow
differentiate, blood, bone, marrow, located, eyes, brain, blood
embryonic stem cells advantages: 1. becomes ________ type of cell. 2. can _________ many __________. 3. ___________ technique. 4. create many ___________ in __________ or come from __________ embryos.
any, treat, diseases, painless, embryos, lab, donated
embryonic stem cells disadvantages: 1. __________ embryo. 2. __________ for embryo. 3. ____________ 4. can lead to ___________
destroys, rights, unreliable, cancer
adult stem cells advantages: 1. no _________ ___________. 2. can ____________ __________ diseases. 3. __________ technique. 4. ___________ is (relatively) __________.
ethical, issues, treat, some, reliable, procedure, safe
adult stem cells disadvantages: 1. can only treat a __________ diseases. 2. ___________ can be ___________. 3. __________ of ___________/___________. 4. finding a '_________' is ___________.
few, procedure, painful, risk, infection, rejection, match, difficult
in plants, stem cells are found in the ________ (___________ of the shoots and roots). the __________ _____________ can ______________ into __________ type of plant cell. these stem cells can be used to _________ ____________ of _________ plants _____________ and ____________. farmers can grow crops with ________ features (_________, __________ __________). grow ________ species of plants that might become __________.
meristem, tips, meristem, tissue, differentiate, any, produce, clones, whole, quickly, cheaply, desirable, size, disease, resistance, rare, extinct
sperm cell function: to ____________ and _________ cell to produce offspring
fertilise, egg
sperm cells adaptations: 1. _________ to ________ and move towards ________. 2. many ___________ to __________ ____________. 3. ___________ (_________ ___________) in _____________ to __________ the egg cell ___________
tail, swim, egg, mitochondria, release, energy, acrosomes, digestive enzymes, head, digest, membrane
egg cell function: to be _____________ by the __________ cell. to provide _________ ________________ to the ___________
fertilised, sperm, initial, nutrients, zygote
egg cell adaptations: 1. __________ contains __________ for the _______ ______________. 2. __________ _____________ after fertilisation to __________ any more __________ entering
cytoplasm, nutrients, developing, embryo, membrane, changes, stop, sperm
red blood cell function: to _____________ __________ around the body
transport, oxygen
red blood cell adaptations: 1. ____________ shape to increase _____________ area for ___________ to _____________ in and out. 2. lots of _____________ to _________ many _________ ___________. 3. no _________ to maximise _________ for ___________
bioncave, surface, oxgen, diffuse, haemoglobin, bind, oxgen, molecules, nucleus, space, haemoglobin
white blood cell function (phagocyte): to ________ and _________ pathogens
engulf, destroy
white blood cell adaptations (phagocyte): 1. _______ __________ to engulf pathogns. 2. contains ____________ (digestive enzymes) to ___________ and ________ pathogens
change, shape, lysozymes, digest, destroy
white blood cell function (lymphocyte): to _____________ ____________ which __________ pathogens
produce, antibodies, kill
white blood cells adaptations (lymphocyte): produce __________ and ___________
antibodies, antitoxins
muscle cell functions: to _______ to help parts of the body to ________
contract, move
muscle cell adaptations: 1. lots of ________ to ________ _________. 2. store _________ which can be broken down into ___________ for use in _____________
mitochondria, release energy, glycogen, glucose, respiration
ciliated cell functions: to _______ _______________ and ___________ them away from the ___________
move, microorganisms, waft, lungs
ciliated cell adaptations: 1. ___________ _______________ called __________ to ___________ particles away 2. lots of ____________ to __________ _______________
tiny, hairs, cilia, waft, mitochondria, release, energy
nerve cell function: to __________ _____________ __________ around the body to __________ _____________
transmit, electrical, impluses, coordinate, responses
nerve cell adaptations: 1. _________,______________ ____________ to ____________ _____________. 2. __________ ________________ at either end to ______________ to other nerve cells 3. __________ ___________ to ____________ ________ ____________
long, thin, axons, transmit, impluses, branching, dendrites, connect, Myelin, Sheath, insulate, electrical, impulses
root hair cell (plants) function: to ___________ ____________ and ________ ___________ from the ___________
absorb, water, mineral, ions, soil
root hair cells adaptations: 1. ___________ _________ increases the ____________ area to make _________ and _______ __________ __________. 2. no ____________ as they are ___________ without access to ____________
root, hair, surface, diffusion, active, transport, efficent, chloroplasts, underground, light
palisade cell (plants) function: to __________ ___________ by __________ _______ ___________ for _____________
produce, glucose, absorbing, light, energy, photosynthesis
palisade cell (plants) adaptations: 1. ________ and ___________ to maximise _____________. 2. lots of _____________ for more ____________ to occur
tall, thin, space, chloroplasts, photosynthesis