Psychology Exam 2
Each time your brother does his chores, your mother gives him money. Which type of reinforcementis he receiving?
Continuous
In the context of short-term memory, the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units is known as...
Chunking
Deidre has a list of medicines she needs to buy from the drugstore. She quickly goes through the list and, believing she has memorized it, leaves the list behind when she steps out of her home. When she reaches the drugstore, however, she can only recall the names of the first few and the last few medicines on the list. Deidre's inability to recall the names of the medicines in the middle of the list is an example of...
serial position effect
Primary effect is to ____ as recency effect is to ____.
first; last
_____ memory is the form of memory that recalls the experiences one has had.
episodic
As part of his theory of how neural connections form and how synaptic connections change, Donald Hebb suggested that...
neurons that fire together, wire together.
An argument can be made that habituation is not a form of learning, because
it can disappear immediately with slight changes in the stimulus.
What are the three processes of memory?
encoding, storage, retrieval
When Anna was a child, a dog barked at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she walks past a dog, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. Anna's behavior an example of...
operant conditioning
Conditioning is a form of ____ learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the environment.
associative
What are the two types of conditioning?
operant and classical
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Pavlov
In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following terms is defined as an object or a situation that when presented alone does not lead to an automatic (or unconditioned) response?
neutral stimulus
When he was a kid, Leo was attacked by his neighbor's pet cat. Now he refuses to go near any household pets. In the context of classical conditioning, this is an example of...
stimulus generalization
Sleep is vital for which stage of memory formation?
consolidation
What is it called when a response is weakened or disappeared?
extinction
Spontaneous recovery occurs when a(n)
conditioned response (CR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears.
____ is to decreased behavior as ____ is to increased behavior.
punishers; reinforcers
If a worker's wages or tips depend on the number of units he or she produces, he or she will work faster-possibly risking injury-to make more money. This is an example of a...
fixed-ratio schedule
is the ability to take in, solidify, store, and then use information.
memory
Thorndike's law of effect states that
the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior be repeated.
In a _______ the first response is reinforced after time periods of
different duration have passed.
variable-interval
The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called...
latent learning
In the context of memory formation, which of the following is a characteristic of flashbulb memories?
They tend to be highly emotionally charged.
In the context of the types of memory, which of the following statements is TRUE of short-term memory?
It is a place to temporarily store information before forgetting it or committing it to long-term memory.
What are the 3 types of memory?
episodic, semantic, implicit
What are the four types of encoding?
semantic, visual imagery, organizational, survival related
What is encoding?
The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
____ is the process of maintaining information in memory over time.
storage
______ memory is to decaying visual info, as ______ memory is to decaying auditory info.
iconic; echoic
______ holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.
short-term storage
______ is the process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it.
rehearsal
What is working memory?
active maintenance of information in short-term memory.
______ is the type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years.
long-term storage
What is anterograde amnesia?
inability to transfer new information from short-term store to the long-term store.
_______ is the inability to retrieve informationthat was aquired before a particular date. (usually date of injury or surgery)
retrograde amnesia
______ is the process by which memories become stable in the brain.
consolidation
What happens when memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled?
reconsolidation
_____ is the process of bringing to mind informationthat has been previously encoded and stored.
retrieval
External info that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind.
retrieval cues
What are the forms of long-term memory?
implicit, explicit
Withou effort to remember or awareness of recollecting.
implicit memory
Enhances the ability to think of a stimulus as result of recent exposure to stimulus during earlier task.
priming
sensory features of an item
perceptual priming
meaning if a word or how you would use an item
conceptual priming
Consciously or intentionally retrieve past experisnces
explicit memory
____ is the network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.
semantic memory
_____ is the collection of past personal experiances that occured at a particular time and place.
episodic memory
Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.
transience
Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.
retroactive interference
Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later
proactive interference
what is infintile amnesia?
having few or no memories for first few years of life
What is prospective memory?
remembering to do things in the future
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though ypu are trying to produce it
blocking
What is memory misattribution?
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
The tenency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
suggestability
The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
bias
tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past
change bias
the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect
egocentric bias
the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
persistence
undesirable consequences of emotional experiences
intrusive memories
how does the amygdala play a part in persistence?
it influences hormonal systems that release stress hormones during an arousing event
What are flashbulb memories?
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events