CHAPTER 3: VISUAL PERCEPTION PART 2
According to CONSTRUCTIVISTS, what are the THREE THINGS WE BASE our PERCEPTS ON DURING PERCEPTION?
Sensory data, knowledge stored in memory, and high-level cognitive processes
What does CONFIGURAL SUPERIORITY emphasize?
Holistic processing of complex visual configurations
What does OBJECT SUPERIORITY highlight?
Recognition facilitated by contextual information related to objects
What does WORD SUPERIORITY focus on?
The influence of linguistic context on letter recognition
In CONSTRUCTIVE PERCEPTION, the PERCEIVER BUILDS A COGNITIVE UNDERSTANDING of what?
A stimulus
What do CONSTRUCTIVISTS believe we USE TO QUICKLY FORM and TEST HYPOTHESES DURING PERCEPTION?
Sensory data, stored knowledge, and inference
What INFLUENCES what the PERCEIVER SEES in CONSTRUCTIVE PERCEPTION?
The perceiver’s cognitive processes and concepts
In CONSTRUCTIVE PERCEPTION, which processes are INVOLVED IN BUILDING a COGNITIVE UNDERSTANDING?
Perceptual and cognitive processes
What do BOTH BOTTOM-UP AND TOP-DOWN THEORIES have in COMMON?
They are both supported by empirical evidence
How should bottom-up and top-down theories be viewed in relation to each other?
As complementary approaches
What do CONSTRUCTIVISTS suggest about SENSORY INFORMATION?
It is less informative than direct-perception theorists assert
Under what CONDITIONS might PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES be MORE COMPLEX than hypothesized by Gibsonian theorists?
Under conditions of brief or degraded stimuli
What is the term used when an INDIVIDUAL STORES the WAY an OBJECT LOOKS TO HIM OR HER. Thus, what matters is the appearance of the object to the viewer?
Viewer-centered representation
In VIEWER-CENTERED REPRESENTATION, how do we RECOGNIZE AN OBJECT?
We rotate the object in our mind until it fits one of the stored images
What is the term used when an individual stores a representation of an object, INDEPENDENT OF its APPEARANCE TO THE VIEWER?
Example: Recognizing a chair from any angle, even if the viewer's position changes.
Object-centered representation
What CHANGES in VIEWER-CENTERED REPRESENTATION based on the ANGLE OF VIEWING?
The shape of the object
What do we RELY on in OBJECT-CENTERED REPRESENTATION?
The characteristics of the object
In OBJECT-CENTERED REPRESENTATION, how is the object REPRESENTED?
In relation to the entirety of the object itself, independent of the viewer’s position
What is "LANDMARK-CENTERED REPRESENTATION" BASED on?
Its relation to a well-known or prominent item
When you are in a biology class and notice the ELEMENTS of a TULIP—THE STAMEN, THE PISTIL, and so forth—you look at the flower through this FIRST SYSTEM.
Feature Analysis System
For example, if you look at a TULIP in a garden
and ADMIRE its DISTINCTIVE BEAUTY and FORM
Configurational System
What is the Gestalt approach to form perception particularly useful for?
Understanding how we perceive groups of objects or even parts of objects to form integral wholes
What is the FUNDAMENTAL LAW IN GESTALT PRINCIPLES of FORM PERCEPTION?
Law of Prägnanz
Which GESTALT PRINCIPLE suggests that we CREATE ONE SINGLE OBJECT from SYMMETRICAL ELEMENTS?
Symmetry
What did the EXPERIMENT by PARRON AND (2007) regarding the EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION DEMONSTRATE?
Only humans misjudged the size of the central circle
In the FIGURE-GROUND PRINCIPLE, what RECEDES into the BACKGROUND?
Ground
What principle states that we TEND TO CLOSE UP OR COMPLETE OBJECTS that are NOT COMPLETE?
Closure
What principle involves PERCEIVING SMOOTHLY FLOWING FORMS rather than disrupted ones?
Continuity
What are the TWO DIFFERENT PATTERN RECOGNITION SYSTEMS?
Feature Analysis System and Configurational System
Which system SPECIALIZES IN RECOGNIZING PARTS of OBJECTS and ASSEMBLING THEM INTO WHOLES?
Feature Analysis System
Which system specializes in RECOGNIZING LARGER CONFIGURATIONS rather than analyzing parts?
Configurational System
Which system is MOST RELEVANT TO RECOGNIZING FACES?
Configurational System
How does the CONFIGURATIONAL SYSTEM VIEW OBJECTS
As a whole
Which GESTALT principle states that OBJECTS are seen as forming MIRROR IMAGES about their CENTER
Symmetry
Which principle indicates that humans PAY MORE ATTENTION to SURROUNDING STIMULI in the EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION?
Figure-Ground
Which GESTALT PRINCIPLE explains that WE PERCEIVE AN ASSORTMENT of OBJECTS that are CLOSE TO EACH other as FORMING A GROUP?
Proximity
According to CONSTRUCTIVISTS, what are PERCEPTS BASED on?
All of the above
Which principle is involved when we see a configuration of ASSORTED BRACKETS as FORMING FOUR SETS of BRACKETS?
Symmetry
What is "PROSOPAGNOSIA" whether a PERSON is a STRANGER, FRIEND, or FAMILY MEMBER
Inability to recognize faces
What can a PERSON with PROSOPAGNOSIA STILL RECOGNIZE?
Whether a person is sad, happy, or angry
What DIFFICULTY do PEOPLE with SCHIZOPHRENIA often have with faces?
Trouble recognizing emotions in faces
What brain area RESPONDS INTENSELY when WE LOOK AT FACES but NOT when we look at other objects.
Fusiform gyrus of the temporal lobe
Which theory suggests that the FUSIFORM GYRUS is ACTIVATED when we EXAMINE ITEMS we HAVE VISUAL EXPERTISE in?
Expert-individuation hypothesis
What does PROSOPAGNOSIA imply about the BRAIN?
Damage to the configurational system
What is PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY?
The perception of an object remains the same even when our proximal sensation of distal object changes
What are the TWO PRIMARY TYPES of PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES?
Size constancy and shape constancy
What does SIZE CONSTANCY refer to?
Example: A car appears the same size whether it’s near or far.
Our perception of an object's size remaining constant despite changes in the retinal image
What illusion demonstrates SIZE CONSTANCY, where TWO LINE SEGMENTS of EQUAL LENGTH APPEAR to be DIFFERENT LENGTHS DUE to the ADDITION OF ARROW-LIKE FIGURES at the ENDS. This illusion demonstrates how our brain INTERPRETS DEPTH CUES FROM OUR ENVIRONMENT to MAINTAIN SIZE CONSTANCY.
Müller-Lyer illusion
What is SHAPE CONSTANCY?
Perception that an object maintains the same shape despite changes in its retinal image
What is an EXAMPLE of SHAPE CONSTANCY?
A rectangular door still perceived as a rectangle even when it appears trapezoidal
What is DEPTH in terms of depth perception?
Distance from a surface, using your own body as reference
What is DEPTH PERCEPTION?
The ability to perceive the distance of objects in a 3D space
What allows us to INTERPRET THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE from two-dimensional retinal images?
Depth perception
What are the TWO CATEGORIES of DEPTH CUES?
Binocular and monocular cues
What can MONOCULAR DEPTH CUES be PERCEIVED with?
Just one eye
What does RELATIVE SIZE refer to in terms of MONOCULAR DEPTH CUES?
Example: A tree far away appears smaller than a nearby tree of the same height.
Objects farther away appear smaller
What is TEXTURE GRADIENT?
Example: When you look at a field of flowers, the flowers farther away seem blurrier and less detailed.
Surfaces appear less distinct as distance increases
What is INTERPOSITION?
When one object overlaps another, the overlapped object is perceived as farther away
Refers to anything OBSTRUCT OBJECT NEARER
Interposition
What does LINEAR PERSPECTIVE refer to?
Parallel lines appear to converge at a vanishing point
What is AERIAL PERSPECTIVE?
Example: Mountains in the distance look hazy and bluish.
Distant objects appear bluer and less distinct due to atmospheric haze
What is MOTION PARALLAX?
Example: Trees near the road seem to pass by faster than faraway hills.
Objects closer to us move faster when we move than those farther away, providing cues about their relative distances
What is BINOCULAR CONVERGENCE?
Eyes turn inward to focus on closer objects
What is BINOCULAR DISPARITY?
Each eye sees a slightly different image due to horizontal separation
Each eye sees a nearby object from a slightly different angle. This is an exmample of:
Bonicular disparity
What PROVIDES INFORMATION about HOW FAR AWAY an OBJECT is DURING BINOCULAR CONVERGENCE?
The angle of convergence of the eyes
Focusing on your finger as you bring it closer to your nose. This is an example of:
Binocular convergence
Where are BINOCULAR NEURONS LOCATED?
Visual cortex
What do BINOCULAR NEURONS SPECIALIZE in?
The perception of depth
What is the VENTRAL VISUAL STREAM RESPONSIBLE for?
Object recognition
What is the PRIMARY FUNCTION of the LATERAL OCCIPITAL CORTEX (LOC)?
Identifying and recognizing shapes
Where does BASIC VISUAL PROCESSING BEGIN?
Primary visual cortex (V1)
What is the role of the HUMAN MOTION COMPLEX (hMT)?
Specializing in motion detection of 3-D shapes
What is ANALYZED in the V5 REGION of the VISUAL CORTEX?
Depth and shape information
What HAPPENS in the LATERAL OCCIPITAL CORTEX (LOC)?
Different features of a stimulus are analyzed to infer the shape
WHERE are SHAPE REPRESENTATIONS COMPARED for OBJECT RECOGNITION?
Ventral occipital and ventral temporal areas
Which part of the BRAIN is INVOLVED in TOP-DOWN PROCESSES that INFLUENCE INITIAL VISUAL PROCESSING in V1?
Parietal cortex