Healthcare
Which type of hospital during the inter-war period often faced financial difficulties, leading to practices like 'shroud waving'?
Voluntary hospitals
Before the First World War, what was a significant characteristic of medical treatment in Britain?
Its quality was largely dependent on an individual's wealth.
The National Insurance Act during the inter-war period primarily covered which group of people?
Workers
How did the Second World War influence the creation of the NHS?
It created a consensus for state intervention in healthcare.
During the inter-war period, what percentage of health insurance was handled by big insurance companies?
75%
By 1939, what was observed regarding infant mortality rates in low-income groups?
They remained 50% higher than average.
What did the period of economic depression highlight regarding healthcare?
Significant inequalities in health outcomes.
Which group advocated for a centralised state-organised regional system of healthcare?
The Fabian Society and Labour.
What was a significant challenge faced by voluntary hospitals before 1929?
Financial problems and reliance on donations.
What was a direct outcome of the 1921 Tuberculosis Act?
Compulsory TB sanatoria were established.
In what year was the National Blood Transfusion Service established?
1946.
What significant development occurred due to national funding for medical services during the Second World War?
An impressive growth in specialist procedures and facilities.
When was the "White paper 'A National Health Service'" published, recommending a national system?
1944.
Which report or individual's call was inspired by the developments in national medical services during WWII, leading to a demand for a National Health Service?
The Beveridge Report.
What was a primary function of the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) during the Second World War?
To provide first aid for air raid casualties.
How did Nye Bevan primarily overcome the initial resistance from doctors to joining the NHS?
By offering compromises like pay beds and patient fees.
Which of the following was NOT explicitly listed as a component of the Early NHS services?
Private specialist clinics.
What was Nye Bevan's primary aim regarding the structural organization of the National Health Service?
To establish a centrally based system.
What significant development occurred under Macmillan's government regarding the NHS?
A Hospital plan in 1962 leading to new hospitals.
Which of the following was a fundamental principle of healthcare under the newly established NHS?
Care would be free at the point of delivery.
According to the Merrison Report (1979), what percentage of hospital funding was concentrated in London?
70% of funding
What reduction in mental health beds by 1975 was proposed by the 1962 Hospital Plan?
A 50% reduction
What percentage of GDP did health costs represent in 1970?
4.8% GDP
By how much did the number of deaths from tuberculosis decrease per year due to new antibiotics, according to the notes?
From 25,000 to 5,000
How many new hospitals were planned under Macmillan's government Hospital Plan of 1962?
90 new hospitals
A significant reason for increased health expenditure was the rise in available treatments, exemplified by the number of antibiotics increasing from 1 in 1948 to how many by 1968?
33 antibiotics
What was a primary objective of the 1962 Hospital Plan concerning mental health beds by 1975?
To reduce bed numbers by 50%
How did health costs, expressed as a percentage of GDP, generally trend between 1950 and 1990?
They increased substantially
A key change introduced by the 1959 Mental Health Act was the shift towards what approach for patient care?
Day care treatment rather than hospitals
The pharmacological revolution between 1949 and 1964 led to the NHS spending how much more on drugs by 1964 compared to 1951?
250% more