AOK test
What movement changed how women were included in the art world and how so?
The feminist art movement started in the 1960s and elevated the status of female artists, women's artwork, their creative knowledge and the female perspective in the art world. Feminist artists actively promoted historically feminine practices, skill and artforms, elevating them to fine arts
How is the originality and value of art decided
it can be decided from many different angles and perspectives such as audience interpretation, the origin of art and its cultural and historical context. The idea of originality and value is subjective based on the viewer's perspective
With regards to "War against War!" discuss how art can have an impact on the ethical standing of target audiences
war against war is a collection of photographs from German military and medical archives that were censored in WW1. Its target audience is broad, including anyone who can be swayed into supporting or opposing a conflict. It impacts the ethical standing of these people by rallying them against war and denouncing government propaganda. Done by displaying the realities and atrocities of war
To what extent can history ever be objective, and how do factors like perspective, diversity, and bias affect historical interpretation?
History can be objective to a great extent in various historical records, depending on the subject written and the author. The factors listed all significantly impact historical interpretation, as historians will have different views based on their varying ways of life and their individual opinions.
Who decides what becomes part of the historical record, and how do power, access, and cultural context shape which voices are included or excluded?
The individuals who decide what becomes part of the historical record are those with the education and connections. While the factors listed above certainly affect the way history is constructed and what information is selected or omitted, the importance of these factors in shaping a historical record has diminished over time.
How can tools, such as hindsight and evaluation, be useful to a historian attempting to achieve objectivity and full accuracy in their investigations? How can it be hindering?
Historical tools are extremely useful to a historian attempting to achieve objectivity and full accuracy in their investigations, as they will allow a historian to see the results of a historical event, instead of predicting it. However, it can be hindering as it may cause the historians to feel too confident, which will make them not study the history in depth.
What is mathematical realism
Mathematical realism asserts that math is independent of the human mind. Humans discovered math, not created it. The universe is inherently mathematical.
Explain why mathematicians study concepts that do not exist physically, such as infinity, imaginary numbers, or near misses?
It shows that math isn’t limited by reality—it can go beyond what exists and still be logically consistent. “Almost true” math results or approximations can lead mathematicians to new insights and applications.
According to Chiodo and Bursill-Hall (2018), can mathematicians avoid ethical responsibility by claiming that mathematics is ethically neutral? Why or why not?
No. Chiodo and Bursill-Hall argue that mathematicians cannot avoid ethical responsibility, because mathematics is discovered, developed, studied, understood, and used by humans within a very material, social world, and therefore exists for us in some sort of social matrix or social context (carries social and ethical implications).
State and explain 1 of the 3 main reasons why Human Sciences matter.
Informing society/policy
Human science helps describe how humans live/organize themselves in society
More specifically: Economics (how we allocate resources) guides governments on taxations, trade and employment
Ex: past models/data informed governments how to act in Covid-19 especially with lockdowns and regulations
Psychology (study on human mind). This shapes mental health policies, education strategies, and workplace wellbeing
Political science (how we allocate positions of power) informs how power is distributed and maintained Ex: gives insight on voting behaviors
Is it better to assume sameness of difference when studying behaviour? Choose 1 approach to reply with.
The Difference Assumption (Cultural Relativist Approach)
Argues that behaviour is shaped by cultural, social, and historical factors.
Emphasizes understanding people within their own contexts rather than generalizing.
Originates from anthropology and ethnographic research traditions.
Encourages cultural sensitivity and highlights the limits of “universal” claims.
Recognizes that morality, rationality, and social norms vary between societies.
The challenge is that it makes comparison and generalization difficult.
Can lead to over-relativism, where every society is seen as entirely unique.
List and describe the three ethical challenges of Climate Change.
Global challenge (nations benefit from continued emissions but all suffer collectively, unfair to vulnerable countries with low emissions, emmisions affect the entire planet). Intergenerational challenge (CO2 stays in the atmosphere for centuries or longer and present emissions harm future generations who have no say). Theoretical challenge (current ethical tools are underdeveloped for global long-term uncertain issues, do we owe protection to non-human nature? Should we be precautionary instead of waiting for certainty?)
Explain the knowledge creation diagram in terms of the natural sciences
The knowledge creations diagram starts with knowledge creators - for the natural sciences, these are scientists. These people can work in teams or alone, in any of the many sciences, in labs, in the field, or even with computers. These people create works or knowledge like papers, laws, theories, etc. These are typically small discoveries that pave the way for larger works of knowledge later on. These works of knowledge then are reviewed and evaluated by members so the knowledge community (educated peers and the general public). This knowledge then contributes to our evolving social context.
Define provisional truth and explain how it applies to the natural sciences.
Provisional truth means a claim is accepted as true based on current evidence but may later be replaced if new evidence contradicts it. In the natural sciences, theories like Lamarck’s inheritance of acquired traits show how accepted truths can change as better evidence emerges.
In what ways can certain scientific claims be unreliable? How can you verify?
Scientific claims can be unreliable when they’re not tested. When there's insufficient evidence, scientific claims are labeled as pseudoscience. The 7 signs of pseudoscience are:
1. skips peer review and goes straight to the media
2. Claims the scientific establishment is conspiring against him
3. Evidence is extremely hard to detect
4. Evidence is based on individual observations or stories that can’t be generalized
5. Claims the knowledge is ancient and hence more credible
6. Worked alone
7. Modification to the laws of nature need to be modified in order for the claim to be true