Exam 2
4 key reasons for planning
Reduces Uncertainty, Reductuion of waste, Establishment of goals, Provides direction
Stratgic Plans
applies to entire organization and for long term
Mission statement
reflects organizations purpose
Operational plans
details of how the overall objectives are to be achieved, short time period
Short term plan
less than a year
long term plan
five years
intermiate plan
between 1-5 years
specific plans
clearly defined objectives
directional plans
general guidelines and flexibility
single use plans
meeting the needs of a unique situation
Factors of choosing a plan
level in organization, degree of envinmental uncertainty, length of future commitments
objectives
desired outcomes for an organization
Stated objectives
public offical statements
Real objectives
that an organization actually pursues
traditional objective setting
set by upper management then broken down into subgroups
Management by objectives
specific, progress, rewards
Strategic management
formulation and implemation of these goals
why is stragtegic management important
continous change, complexity
SWOT
strength, weakness, oppurtunity, threat
three types of strategies
corporate, competetive, functional
Growth stratgies
concentration, vertical intergation, horizontal intergation, diversification
renewal stragtey
when a business is not performing well financially
organizational structure
formal arrangment of jobs in an organization
work specialization
activities are divided into separate jobs
departmentalization
the basis which jobs are grouped together
chain of command
upper management to front line managers
span of control
number of emplyees someone change effectivley manage
centralization
uppermanagemetn makes decsions
decentralization
lower and middle managers are involved in decision making process
formalization
how standarized an organizations jobs are
simple structure
small business, centralization
functional structure
related occupational specalities into groups
divisional structure
separate units inside organization
team structure
business structured around teamwork
project structure
focus on teams completing projects
matrix structure
differnet divisions inside a compant that work together for a short period of time
virtual organization
outsource to many major businesses for functions
telecommuting
working at home
compressed work weeks
working longer hours less days a week
flextime
selecting the hours you work
organizational change
any alteration of people in an organization
calm waters
unfreeze the status quo, change to a new state, refreeze the new state to make the change
white water rapids
adapting to changes quickly
organizational development
change methods to focus on employees well being