Week 13 - Chapter 19: Blood
What type of tissue is blood?
Connective
The three functions of blood
Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones
Regulates temp and pH
Provides protection through clotting and combating microbes
Normal pH of blood is:
7.35-7.45
Composition of blood
55% plasma and 45% formed elements
Hematocrit is:
The percent of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
Which stem cells create lymphocytes
Lymphoid stem cells
Function of hemoglobin in RBCs
Transport oxygen and CO
Lifespan of RBCs is ____ days
120 days
Two types of white blood cells:
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Function of B lymphocytes
Produce antibodies to combat infection and provide immunity
Role of platelets is to:
Help stop blood loss by forming a platelet plug
How many platelets are in blood?
150,000-400,000
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
A condition where an Rh- mother's antibodies attack an Rh+ fetus
Characteristics of blood:
- Viscous
- Denser than water
- Temperature is slightly warmer than core body temp
- Males is 5-6 litres while female is 4-6
Red blood cells:
- Are bi-concave and deform to fit into small capillary beds
- Have mature cells which lack a nucleus and mitochondria
Has four polypeptide chains with iron containing heme center which binds to four oxygen molecules, carries a small amount of CO2
Hemoglobin
Blood type A can recieve blood from type __ & __ but not type __ & ___
A, O
B, AB
Blood type B can recieve blood from type __ & ___ but cannot from type ___ & ___
B, O
A, AB
Blood type AB can recieve blood from _____ type
Any type
Blood type O can recieve blood from type ___ but cannot from type ___, ____ & ___
O
A, B, AB
Blood type O is a _____ Donor
Universal Donor
Blood type AB is a ____ Recipient
Universal Recipient
Recieving the wrong blood type during transfusion causes:
Antigen-antibody reactions, leading to destruction of donor red blood cells (hemolysis)
Those will the Rh factor (antigen) are _____, those without are _____
Rh positive, Rh negative
The process of platelet formation is:
1. Hemopoietic stem cells differentiate into erythrocytes, leukocrytes and platelets
2. Thrombopoietin causes myeloid stem cells to become megakrayoblasts, which develop into megakaryocyte cells & break into pieces
3. Platelet fragments are enclosed by the plasma membrane, leaving megakaryocytes in red bone marrow and entering the bloodstream
4. Platelets release clotting ingridients from granules and form a plug to limit blood loss
Platelet characteristics:
- Irregular, disc shaped
- 2-4 um in diameter
- Many vesicles but NO nucleus
Blood plasma composition:
91.5% water
8.5% solutes (proteins: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen)
Antibodies in blood plasma are produced by:
B Lymphocytes during immune responses to fight antigens
_____ Causes kidneys to release EPO hormone which acts on red blood marrow to produce blood cells
Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency)
______ is when macrophages consume worn out red blood cells
Phagocytosis
The pluripotent stem cell which is the progenitor (originator, creator) of all other red bone marrow cells is called a _______
Hemoctyoblast
The primary function of ______ is to defend the body against infection, inflammation, and foreign invaders
White blood cells (WBCs)
_____ is the liquid component of blood that transports nutrients, hormones, waste and other substances through the body
Plasma
_________ help in blood clotting by aggregating at sites of blood vessel injury to prevent excessive bleeding
Platelets
Process of hemostasis (stopping bleeding)
3 key steps:
1. Vascular spasm (blood vessel constriction)
2. Patelet plug formation
3. Bood clotting (coagulation) to stabilize the plug and prevent further blood loss
Hematopoiesis process (blood cell formation)
1. Start as hematopoietic stem cells
2. Differentiate into progenitor cells - hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into either Myeloid Progenitor (form RBCs, platelets, most WBC) or Lymphoid Progenitor (form lymphocytes)
3. Differentiate and mature: Myeloid: Ethrythropoiesis (RBC), thrombopoiesis (platelets), granulopoiesis (granulocytes like neutrophils, etc), monopoiesis (monocytes & macrophages)
Lymphoid: T cells (mature in thymus), B cells (mature in bone marrow), NK cells (mature in bone marrow)
4. Regulation controlled by growth factors
The _____ blood group is determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells, while the ____ blood group is based on the presence (+) or absence (−) of the Rh antigen (also known as the D antigen).
ABO, Rh
What are the formed elements in blood?
- Albumins (54%)
- Globulins (38%)
- Fibrinogen (7%)
Whole blood only makes up ____% of blood composition
8%
WBCs include: BEN Left a Message
- Neutrophils (60-70%)
- Lymphocytes (20-25%)
- Monocytes (3-8%)
- Eosinophils (2-4%)
- Basophils (0.5-1%)
Function of neutrophils
- Immune response against microorganisms
- Inflammation
- Boost immune response of other cells
Function of lymphocytes:
- Identify antigens and produce antibodies to attack them
- Destroy infected cells
- Remembering antigens
Function of basophils:
Responsible for allergic response (contain histamine) which produce allergy symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, cough
Function of eosinophils:
- Help identify and destroy parasites and cancer cells
Blood cell formation occurs in:
Bone marrow
_______ stem cells are multipotent, capable of self renweal and differentiation
- Are the source of all blood types
- Found in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells