LESSON 5: PHOTOSYNTHESIS (BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE)

The word photosynthesis is derived from the greek word PHOTO /PHOT means ______ and SYNTHESIS meaning __ _____ ________.

PHOTO/PHOTO = LIGHT
SYNTHESIS= TO PUT TOGETHER

It means you're going to CREATE something in LIGHT

Photosynthesis

He was able to DEMONSTRATE that PLANTS DERIVE NOURISHMENT from AIR under the influenced of SOLAR LIGHT

STEPHEN HALES

He REJECTED the idea that plants gets their biomass in soil. His experiment said that PLANTS OBTAIN most of their BIOMASS in WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE and SUNLIGHT. He highlighted the IMPORTANCE of WATER in plant GROWTH and indirectly contributed to the eventual discovery and understanding of photosynthesis.

JAN BAPTISTA VAN HELMONT

His experiment demonstrated that PLANTS have the ABILITY to RELEASE or PRODUCE OXYGEN when EXPOSED to SUNLIGHT.

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY

He demonstrate the IMPORTANCE of SUNLIGHT in the PROCESS by which green PLANTS ABSORB CARBON DIOXIDE and USE SUNLIGHT to RELEASE OXYGEN. He revealed that photosynthesis is a LIGHT-DEPENDENT PROCESS.

JAN INGENHOUSZ

He demonstrated that DURING photosynthesis, CARBON DIOXIDE in the AIR is ABSORBED, and OXYGEN is RELEASED by the PLANT.

JEAN SENEBIER

He SUPPORT the IDEA of JAN BAPTISTA VAN HELMONT. His work emphasized the importance of carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight in the process of photosynthesis.

Nicolas Théodore de Saussure

Where does PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS?

Plants

The PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF LEAVES should be:

Broad, flat, and thick

Where STOMATA located in the STRUCTURE of LEAVES?

Lower Epidermis (bottom layer)

EPIDERMIS is MADE from?

Cuticle

is the OUTERMOST layer of the LEAF and CONSISTS of a SINGLE LAYER of CELLS COVERED by a WAXY CUTICLE. This layer HELPS PROTECT the leaf from WATER LOSS and mechanical damage.

Upper Epidermis

is the MIDDLE layer of the LEAF and CONTAINS TWO DISTINCT REGIONS (Palisade mesophyll and Spongy mesophyll). In this layer has the CHLOROPLAST

Mesophyll

What are the TWO DISTINCT REGION of MESOPHYLL?

Palisade mesophyll and Spongy mesophyll

Palisade and spongy mesophyll

refers to the region of mesophyll has a DENSE IMPACT. Located BENEATH the UPPER EPIDERMJS, the __________ mesophyll CONSISTS of ELONGATED CELLS PACKED with CHLOROPLASTS. These cells are RESPONSIBLE for MOST of the PHOTOSYNTHESIS in the LEAF.

Palisade mesophyll

refers to the region of mesophyll that has INTERCELLULAR AIR SPACES to ALLOW GASEOUS EXCHANGE (carbon dioxide uptake and oxygen release) and helps regulate WATER VAPOR. It is located BENEATH the palisade mesophyll

Spongy mesophyll

is the BOTTOM layer of the LEAF and also CONSISTS of a SINGLE LAYER of cells. STOMATA (TINY OPENINGS) are found in the lower epidermis, ALLOWING for GAS EXCHANGE and TRANSPORATION (WATER VAPOR RELEASE).

Lower Epidermis

it refers to SMALL HAIR of LEAVES or teachnical term for this is ________.

TRICHOMES

it is for UGILITY of PLANTS. it serves as a PROTECTIVE barrier COVERING the OUTER SURFACE of leaves and other plant parts. It helps to minimize water loss from the plant and reduce damage from environmental stresses, allowing plants to retain moisture and maintain optimal conditions for photosynthesis.

Cuticle

The FOOD MAKING PROCESS OCCUR or HAPPENS in _________

Mesophyll

This LAYER has the CHLOROPLAST

Middle layer (mesophyll)

it is also known as the CONTROLLER. It REGULATE the OPENING and CLOSING of STOMATA to CONTROL GAS EXCHANGE and WATER LOSS.

Guard cell

also known as the SMALL COURSE in leafs. It refers to the TINY OPENINGS are found in the LOWER EPIDERMIS, ALLOWING for GAS EXCHANGE and TRANSPIRATION

Stomata

What are the TWO VASCULAR TISSUE?

Xylem and Phloem

Phloem and xylem

type of vascular tissue RESPONSIBLE for TRANSPORTING WATER and DISSOLVED MINERALS from the ROOTS TO the rest of the PLANT. FACING OUTWARD and UPWARDS

XYLEM

It INCREASE STRUCTURAL for VEINS. type of vascular tissue that TRANSPORT ORGANIC NUTRIENTS, such as SUGARS, produced during photosynthesis, from the leaves (source) to other parts of the plant (sink). Phloem CONSISTS of living cells called SIEVE ELEMENTS (sieve tube elements and companion cells) that are arranged in tubes for the translocation of sugars and other substances.

PHLOEM

Where does STROMA HAPPENS?

CALVIN CYCLE

also known as the LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS of photosynthesis, takes place. The ________ cycle OCCURS in the STROMA of the CHLOROPLAST and is RESPONSIBLE for CONVERTING CARBON DIOXIDE into ORGANIC MOLECULES (specifically, sugars like glucose) using the energy from ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions (photosystem I and photosystem II)

CALVIN CYCLE

This is the MAIN PIGMENT responsible for CAPTURING LIGHT ENERGY during photosynthesis. it produces GREEN color in PLANTS or LEAVES. It absorbs mostly blue-violet and red light, appearing green because it reflects green wavelengths.

Chlorophyll a

This pigment is similar to chlorophyll a but ABSORBS ADDITIONAL WAVELENGTHS of LIGHT, it produce YELLOW GREEN in PLANT/LEAVES. particularly blue and orange, complementing the light absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a.

chlorophyll b

XANTHOCYANINS produce RED color i plants or leaves. In addition to chlorophylls, plants contain other pigments such as CARATENOIDS (e.g., beta-carotene) and XANTOPHYLLS. These pigments can ABSORB DIFFERENT wavelengths of light that chlorophylls CANNOT CAPTURE EFFECTIVELY, expanding the range of light energy available for photosynthesis.

Other pigments

When does LEAVES CHANGE COLOR?

During the AUTUMN SEASON(sharad) also known as FALL

The reason why the LEAVES CHANGE COLOR because it DESTROY or DEGRADE __________.

chlorophyll

The term "_______" is DERIVED from the GREEK word "PHYTON," which MEANS "PLANT."

PHYTE

Also known as MODERATE PLANTS. are plants adapted to MODERATE MOISTURE conditions, commonly FOUND in TEMPERATE FORESTS, GRASSLANDS, and most GARDEN plants.
Example: MAPLE trees (e.g., Acer species) are mesophytes that thrive in temperate climates with adequate but not excessive water.

Mesophyte

refers to plants adapted to GROWN in AQUATIC environments, such as marshes, PONDS, or along RIVERBANKS. They have special adaptations for LIVING in WATER.
Example: WATER LILIES (e.g., Nymphaea species) are hydrophytes with floating leaves and adapted root systems for life in ponds and lakes.

Hydrophyte

XERO means DRYNESS. This is refers to plants adapted to DRY or ARID conditions, such as DESERTZ, ROCKY slopes, and SAND DUNES dunes. They have specialized adaptations to CONSERVE WATER.
Example: CACTI (e.g., Opuntia species) are xerophytes with succulent stems, reduced leaves, and extensive root systems for water storage in arid environments.

Xerophyte

it DEPENDS on LIGHT. START of the PROCESS by ABSORBING SUNLIGHT of CHLOROPHYLL to be CONVERTED into ENERGY and PRODUCES ATP, NADPH, and OXYGEN

LIGHT REACTION

What LIGHT REACTION used to PRODUCED?

ATP

NADPH

OXYGEN

ATP means?

adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate

NADPH means?

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

• when light intensity is HIGH the rate of photosynthesis INCREASES
• when light intensity is LOW, the rate of photosynthesis DECREASES
• MORE SUNLIGHT means MORE ENERGY can ABSORB

High intensity

• the HIGHER the CO2 concentration, the HIGHER the rate until a certain point
• at HIGH CO2 cocentration, rate levels OFF
• If plants has a 0 levels of the CO2 the FOOD will be LIMITED

Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentratio

• the HIGHER temperature, the HIGHER the rate until a certain point
• at HIGH temperaturs, the rate FALLS as enzymes DENATURE chlorophyll

Temperature

• To ABSORB LIGHT or SUNLIGHT
• a PIGMENT that GIVES PLANTS their GREEN COLOR

Chlorophyll

• to CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• MAINTAIN STRUCTURE

Water

He was involved in the research and development of the REDIOACTIVE ISOTOPE CARBON-14 (^14C) in the 1940s. This radioactive tracer was used to study and revise our understanding of the Calvin cycle, the dark reactions of photosynthesis. Ruben's work with carbon-14 helped elucidate the role of carbon dioxide in the synthesis of organic compounds during photosynthesis, contributing to advancements in plant biology and biochemistry.

Samuel Ruben

also known as the CALVIN CYCLE, is the biochemical PATHWAY in photosynthesis where CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) is CONVERTED into SUGARS (specifically, glucose) using ATP and NADPH generated FROM the LIGHT REACTIONS.

Calvin-Benson Cycle

Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is CAPTURED and COMBINED with a 5-carbon molecule (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate or RuBP) by the enzyme RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), forming an unstable 6-carbon compound.

First stage CO2 Fixation

REDUCTION: ATP and NADPH, GENERATED during the LIGHT reactions, PROVIDE energy and electrons to convert PGA into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a 3-carbon sugar.

STAGE TWO

REGENERATION of RuBP: Some of the G3P molecules are used to REGENERATE RuBP, which is necessary for the cycle to continue. This requires additional ATP.

THIRD STAGE

in Calvin Cycle or Light-Independent Reactions it is RESPONSIBLE for PRODUCE

Light reaction

In Calvin Cycle or Light-Independent Reactions it is RESPONSIBLE for CONVERTING

Dark reaction

What are the THREE ELEMENTS NEEDED to INIATE CALVIN CYCLE

Carbon dioxide, Rubisco, and RuBP

OBTAINED from the ATMOSPHERE through SMALL openings called STOMAGA on the leaves. SERVE as the CARBON SOURCE that will be INCORPORATED into organic molecules during the Calvin cycle.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

An ENZYME that used to CUT the LINE between the CARBON DIOXIDE and RuBP

Rubisco

A 5-carbon sugar molecule that serves as the ACCEPTOR for CARBON DIOXIDE during the Calvin cycle.
its function is to COMBINES with carbon dioxide in a reaction catalyzed by RuBisC, LEADING to the formation of a 6-carbon compound that eventually breaks down into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA), initiating the synthesis of sugars.

RuBP

refers to the PROCESS by which CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) is CONVERED into ORGANIC MOLECULES, particularly carbohydrates like glucose, during the Calvin cycle (or light-independent reactions).

Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts, following the LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS that PRODUCE ATP and NADPH.

Carbon Dioxide Reduction

It was PRODUCE of CO2 REDUCTION

PGA (Formation of 3-Phosphoglycerate)

The MAIN PRODUCT SUGAR MOLECULE

3GP

SIX TURNS is EQUAL to ___ GLUCOSE MOLECULE

1 GLUCOSE MOLECULE

responsible for photosynthesis, a PROCESS in which they USE LIGHT ENERGY to CONVERT carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. they SYNTHESIZE GLUCOSE as a product of photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts

are primarily FOUND in the MESOPYLL CELLS of plant leaves, which are LOCATED BETWEEN the UPPER and LOWER EPIDERMIS.

Chloroplasts

this contain VARIOUS PIGMENTS besides CHLOROPHYLL, which is GREEN. These pigments INCLUDE CAROTENOIDS (which give plants YELLOW, ORANGE, or RED colors) and other accessory pigments that broaden the range of light wavelengths that can be absorbed for photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts

It refers to ORGANELLES that bring UNIQUENESS to the PLANTS

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are organelles that bring uniqueness to the plants. Which of the following statements about chloroplast are not correct?

They are found in the epidermis of plant leaf

This is the PRIMARY PIGMENT responsible for CAPTURING LIGHT ENERGY during photosynthesis. ___________ absorbs BLUE and RED LIGHT but REFLECTS GREEN light, GIVING plants their GREEN color. An example of this chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b found in the chloroplasts of plants.

Chlorophyll

These are accessory pigments that complement chlorophyll by absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll CONNOT CAPTURE EFFECTIVELY, such as BLUE and GREEN light. ________ APPEAR YELLOW, ORANGE, or RED, contributing to the colors of fruits and vegetables like carrots, tomatoes, and bell peppers. An example of carotenoid is beta-carotene.

Carotenoids

The LIPID FOUND on the SURFACE of PLANTS that FORMS a PROTECTIVE LAYER and helps REDUCE WATER LOSS is

Waxes

They are HYDROPHOBIC and form a WATERPROOF layer on the SURFACE of PLANT LEAVES, FRUITS, and STEMS, REDUCING EVAPORATION and protecting against pathogens and insects.

Waxes

What composes a phospholipids head?

Polar, hydrophilic

What does REDUCTION means in PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

An atom or molecule gains an electron

occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) is converted into glucose (C6H12O6) using the energy from sunlight. In this process, electrons from water molecules (H2O) are transferred to carbon dioxide (CO2), reducing it to glucose. This ___________ involves the GAIN of ELECTRONS by carbon dioxide molecules to FORM GLUCOSE.

Reduction

are MEMBRANE-BOUND STRUCTURES within chloroplasts that CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL and other PIGMENTS involved in photosynthesis. The FLUID SURROUNDING the _________ is called the STROMA, which FILLS the INTERIOR SPACE of the CHLOROPLAST but is not part of the thylakoid structure itself.

Thylakoids

What makes up a nucleotide of deoxyribonucleic acid?

Pentose sugar, thymine and a phosphate group

What VASCULAL TISSUE TRANSPORT MINERALS and WATER in plants?

xylem

WATER is POLAR in NATURE making it IMMISCIBLE to OILS which are NON-POLAR

true

Where does photosynthesis takes place?

thylakoid

The following are importance of fats, except

They are the main energy source

What type of fat Jamie could obtain if she loves to eat animal-based food such as beef and pork?

Saturated fat

it is the PROCESS by which PLANTS USE usunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to CREATE OXYGEN and ENERGY in the form of sugar.

photosynthesis

This is the FLUID surrounding the THYLAKOIDS

Stroma

is the process of ATTACHING an INORGANIC CARBON to an ORGANIC COMPOUND compound; the FIRST STEP of the Calvin cycle.

Carbon fixation

During this phase, ELCTRONS and ENERGY were ADDED to CARBON DIOXIDE

CO2 reduction

These are the DISC-SHAPED STRUCTURES where the LIGHT-DEPENDENT reactions of photosynthesis occur.

Thylakoids

It is the TERM used for the REACTIONS of photosynthesis that USE the ENERGY STORED by the light-dependent reactions to FORM glucose and other carbohydrate molecules

Calvin cycle

It is the THIRD STAGE of the Calvin cycle and is a complex process that requires ATP. In this stage, some of the G3P molecules are USED to PRODUCE GLUCOSE , while others are RECYCLED to regenerate the RuBP acceptor.

Regeneration

It TRANSPORT GLUCOSE glucose for ENERGY

phloem