Cognition
What would fit with the saying "If we really understand how something works, we should be able to build on it?
a) Neuroscience
b) Cognitive psych
c) Computer modelling/AI
d) Applied research
c) Computer modelling/AI
Basic or Applied research?
A study that examines which of two teaching methods improves memory for content in University students studying cognition.
Applied research
An experimenter wants to understand how perception is linked to memory, what approach should they use to reach this understanding?
a) Cognitive psych
b) Neuroscience
c) Computer modelling
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Which of the following does not describe cognition?
a) Remembering learned information
b) Orienting attention to a stimulus
c) Reflexes
d) Understanding speech
c) Reflexes
Basic or Applied research?
Studying the brain and cognitions with the primary goal of developing theories without any regard to how this knowledge can be used to address a problem.
Basic research
The research approach that studies intelligence by oberseving behaviours is known as:
a) Cognitive psych
b) Behavioural neuroscience
c) Behavioural psych
d) Artificial intelligence
a) Cognitive psych
You were rec ently hired to use your knowledge of scientific findings in the field of psych to help design and develop a new phone app. Which of the following best described your field of work:
a) Machine learning
b) Basic research
c) Computational modelling
d) Human factors
d) Human factors
Which is the following is a method that can be used to study cognition?
a) Measuring neural activity as a participant is engaged in an experiment
b) Stimulating specific brain regions to observe effects on behaviours
c) Observing behaviours of individuals with brain damage
d) Using computers to simulate the brain as a participant is engaged in an experiment
e) All of the above can be used to study cogntion
e) All of the above can be used to study cognition
You are interested in the link between laptop usage and class participation. One day, you decide to count the number of times students participated in class and compare average participation rates between those who were using a laptop and those who were not. This is an example of:
Naturalistic observation
Among the multiple fields that study cognition, _______________ is the field of research that examines the brain and the physiological processes that underly mental processes.
Neuroscience
True or False?
To date, we do not fully understand how the brain produces cognition.
True
What is the most complex and sophisticated computer in the known universe?
The human brain
What is cognition?
The acquisition and processing of sensory information about the world in order to make behavioural decisions.
True or False?
Unlike some other areas of psychology that are concerned with when things go wrong in people's minds and brains, the field of cognition is primarily concerned with understanding the processes that allow things to go right.
True
Which of these would not be considered part of cognition?
a) Memory
b) Language
c) Digestion
d) Perception
c) Digestion
What is basic research?
Scientific research whose goal is to try to understand the world and its phenomena, without regard to a specific end-use of this knowledge.
What is applied research?
Research that's concerned with the end goal of developing an application or solution to a problem.
What are human factors?
A field of psych concerned with applying scientific findings to the design of systems that people interact with.
What is artificial intelligence?
A branch of computer science and engineering that's concerned with building machines that can perform tasks that human can do (however, not as well as we can sometimes).
True or False?
The kinds of applications where machines have historically done extraordinarily well are those that require dealing with novel, constantly changing conditions that the machine has encountered before.
False. They have historically failed when dealing with novel and constantly changing conditions that they have not previously seen before.
Historically, artificial intelligence has been least successful at tasks that require what kind of capability?
a) Fast performance
b) Many calculations
c) Large memory
d) Flexible thinking
d) Flexible thinking
True or False?
A revolution is taking place in artificial intelligence reseach. It's called computer vision or machine vision, which is concerned with developing computer programs that can interpret objects, symbols, medical scans, and even faces.
True
Fill in the blank.
There's a revolution taking place in AI in which the computers aren't programmed in the traditional sense (human writing with computer code). Instead the computers are programmed to _______, changing their behaviour in order to get better at some task. This programming approach is called ___________.
learn; machine learning
What is the primary driver of recent dramatic progress in artificial intelligence?
a) Much larger computer memory stores
b) Computer programs that can learn rather than being programmed
c) Better computer programmers
d) Much faster computers
b) Computer programs that can learn rather than being programmed
Advances in machine learning have already led to important and potentially highly disruptive technological breakthroughs. What is an example?
The self-driving car (Tesla, Google's self-driving car)
What are large language models (LLMs)? Provide an example.
Advanced machine learning algorithms that process and generate human-like text by understanding patterns in the datat they've been trained on.
Example: ChatGPT
What is artificial general intelligence (AGI)?
A type of artificial intelligence that possesses the capacity to understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks.
Which is not an approach to studying cognition?
a) Cognitive psych
b) Developmental psych
c) Neuroscience
d) Computational modelling
b) Developmental psych
What is neuroscience?
The study of the brain and related physiological systems.
What is naturalistic observation?
A research technique in which researchers observe the behaviour of people/organisms in their natural habitat, without any experimental intervention.
Mental events such as thoughts, beliefs, and sensations are related to mechanisms taking place in the body, is known as what?
The mind-body problem
________ views the mind and body as consisting of fundamentally different kinds of substances.
Dualism
_______ is the view that there's only one kind of basic substance in the world.
Monism
There are three types of monism: neutral, physicalism and idealism. Which corresponds to the right definition?
(1) The position that the only kind of reality is physical reality
(2) The view that the only kind of reality is mental
(3) The view that there's only one kind of substance that's neither physical or mental, and that mind and body are both composed of that same element
(1) Physicalism
(2) Idealism
(3) Neutral
Let's say a scientist figured out all the physiological processes involved in seeing colour. Now what if we come to find out this scientist is actually blind. How would physicalists and dualists react to this information and why?
Physicalists: "Yes!", because there's nothing left to explain once all the physics, chemistry and physiology has been accounted for.
Dualists: "Well, no". Although the scientist may know all the physical facts of the brain, there isn't the mental component there which requires personal experience.
________ argued that the mind was based on an immortal soul that was more "real" than the physical world, while _________ proposed that the mind and body formed two different types of substances but that these could interact with one another.
Plato; René Descartes
Science that operates based on physical methods, measurements, and explanatory mechanisms and cannot test non-physical theories is known as ___________.
Pragmatic materialism
About how many neurons are there in the human brain?
a) 10 million
b) 7 thousand
c) 86 billion
d) 1 trillion
c) 86 billion
Which of these is not an offered reason as to why studying the physical brain alone might be insufficient to understand cognition?
a) The brain is enornously complex
b) Cognition depends on non-physical mechanisms
c) The brain is embedded in the larger context of the body and the world
d) The brain must be considered within the contexts in which it operates
b) Cognition depends on non-physical mechanisms
Which of these viewpoints is least compatible with the scientific study of cognition?
a) The mind and brain are both the same physical entity, which causes intelligent behaviour
b) The mind and brain are separate entities but the physical brain causes intelligent behaviour
c) The mind and brain are both the same physical entity, but this entity doesn't cause intelligent behaviour
d) The mind and brain are separate entities and the non-physical mind causes intelligent behaviour
d) The mind and brain are separate entities and the non-physical mind causes intelligent behaviour
_________, introduced by Wilhelm Wundt, relied on _________, on'es own conscious mental state in order to understand the mind.
Structuralism; introspection
________ is an important mechanism of self-correction in science in which different researchers perform the same experiements using the same methods getting the same, verfiable results.
Replication
A research method that involves having participants verbally describe their thought process as they are performing a specified task is known as ___________.
The think-aloud protocol
What technique did the structuralists use to study the mind?
Introspection
Scientist A is trying to produce the same results that Scientist B reported, using the same methods. This is called _________.
a) Duplication
b) Replication
c) Reproduction
d) Copying
b) Replication
Who is the founder of behaviourism?
John Watson
What is classical conditioning?
A learning protocol in which an involuntary behaviour is paired with a stimulus, eventually leading to that behaviour being elicited by the stimulus alone.
What is operant conditioning?
A method of conditioning that reinforces certain behaviours through a system of rewards and punishments.
In the context of the nature vs nurture, what did behaviourists believe produced cognition?
a) Nature
b) Nurture
c) A combination of nature and nurture
d) neither nature nor nurture
b) Nurture
___________ is the learning in the absence of any conditioning.
Latent learning
A method for producing the correct output from the input is called an ___________.
Algorithm
What word describes a mapping between a set of inputs and a set of outputs?
Function
A movement that proposed that the mind could be understood as a computational system.
Cognitive revolution
What happens between the input and output in the brain is known as __________.
Information processing
An approach in psychology that uses behaviour as a method for developing and testing theories of the underlying processing of the mind.
Cognitivism
An approach emerged from the research of the sensitivity of people using radar displays to monitor air traffic.
Signal detection theory (SDT)
Let's say a company is designing a new screen for use in a laptop. They hire a researcher to test different designs to determine which ones lead to better visibility. Which kind of research would they be conducting?
a) Indirect research
b) Phenomenon-based research
c) Hypothesis-driven research
d) Applied research
d) Applied research
What is the independent variable?
The variable manipulated by the experimenter.
What is the dependent variable?
The variable that is measures the behavioural response.
What is the speed-accuracy tradeoff?
In the reaction time data, participants will sacrifice accuracy in order to respond more quickly.
A researcher conducting an experiment on hearing presents words at different decibel levels and measures whether the participant can correctly identify them. What is the best description of the role that decibel level plays in this experiment?
a) Dependent variable
b) Independent variable
c) Response
d) Stimulus
b) Independent variable
Which of the following is not a behavioural response.
a) Galvanic skin response
b) Pupil dilation
c) Heart rate
d) Eye movements
e) Facial/body gestures
f) Trick question bud, they all are responses
f) Trick question bud, they all are responses
What are trials?
Repetitions of an experimental condition, used to compensate for variability in performance.
Variabilitions in performance across different individuals in cognitive tasks is known as
Individual differences
Which of the following is typically accounted for by performing multiple trials for a given condition in an experiment?
a) Variation in people's behavioral responses
b) Technical glitches in the experimental instruments
c) The fact that people have to learn how to perform the task
d) The possibility that some data will be lost
a) Variation in people's behavioural responses
A researcher is studying a theory of memory that requires participants to learn and recall a lot of information under different experimental conditions. The researcher is concerned that there will be a high degree of variability among participants' performance, due to differences in underlying aptitude for learning, rather than the experimental condition. Which of these techniques would typically be used to deal with this kind of variability?
a) Prescreening potential participants to make sure they have sufficient aptitude
b) Including a large sample of participants
c) Including a large number of trials
d) Making the material easy enough that anyone can learn it easily
b) Including a large sample of participants
More recently, a technique was introduced that allows researchers not just to measure but to experimentally manipulate the activity of neurons. This method, called _______, uses special proteins, called _______, that are activated by light.
Optogenetics; opsins
The puzzle of how the physical body is related to mental activity is called ______.
a) The dualism divide
b) The mind-body problem
c) The mystery of mind
d) The great debate
b) The mind-body problem
Descartes articulated the perspective of ______.
a) Monism
b) Physicalism
c) Dualism
d) Behaviourism
c) Dualism
The use of introspection was a hallmark method of which school of psychology?
a) Behaviourism
b) Cognitivism
c) Structuralism
d) All of the above
c) Structuralism
What field of science served as an inspiration to the structuralist school?
Chemistry
Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if they use the following research method?
Method 1: Determining the action responses of the robots in response to specific kinds of stimulation
a) Cognitive
b) Behaviourist
c) Dualist
d) Structuralist
b) Behaviourist
Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if they use the following research method?
Method 2: Asking the robots to verbally report on their internal processes
a) Cognitive
b) Behaviourist
c) Dualist
d) Structuralist
d) Structuralist
Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if they use the following research method?
Method 3: Using the response of the robot to specific kinds of stimulation in order to infer its internal mental processes
a) Cognitive
b) Behaviourist
c) Dualist
d) Structuralist
a) Cognitive
Teaching a dog to "shake hands" on command using a food reward is an example of ______.
a) Classical conditioning
b) Operant conditioning
c) A combination of classical and operant conditioning
d) None of the above
b) Operant conditioning
A finding in Tolman's maze experiments was that when rats were placed in a different starting point of the maze than the one they had been trained on, they went ______.
a) In the wrong direction to get the food
b) In the correct direction to get the food but only if it involved producing the exact same behavior as when they had first found the food
c) In the correct direction to get the food but only if they had previously explored the maze
d) In the correct direction to get the food, even when they had not previously explored the maze
c) In the correct direction to get the food but only if they had previously explored the maze
Which of these methods is NOT currently considered a scientifically valid form of data for the study of cognition?
a) Introspection
b) Measuring behaviour
c) Measuring brain responses
d) None of the above
a) Introspection
The "cognitive revolution" led to the idea of cognition as a form of ______.
a) Mental rotation
b) Introspection
c) Computation
d) Biology
c) Computation
In order to ensure the findings of a recent experiment are valid, Dr. Anzures performed the experiment using the same methods as the original experiment. He got the same results as the original experiment and now believes the results are valid. Which of the following terms describes what he did to verify the results?
a) Replication
b) Think-aloud protocol
c) Duplication
d) Copying
a) Replication
Which of these is not one of the basic goals of the nervous system?
a) Gather information from sensory systems
b) Send information to the brain
c) Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
d) Direct the movement of muscles
c) Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
True or False.
The CNS consists of all neurons, glial cells, and nerves. Has to do with involuntary action. The PNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. Has to do with voluntary action.
False. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and has to do with voluntary action, whereas the PNS consists of all neurons, glial cells and nerves, and has to do with involuntary actions.
The nervous system is generally divided up into which two subsystems?
a) Peripheral and central nervous systems
b) Brain and spinal cord
c) Peripheral and medial nervous system
d) Medial and central nervous system
a) Peripheral and central nervous systems
Within the PNS there's the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which connects to most organs of the body and it regulates certain unconscious bodily functions such as:
a) Heart rate
b) Digestion
c) Respiration
d) Sexual arousal
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
The ANS engages two subsystems, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
Match each definition to the correct system.
(1) The system's job is to relax functions that are needed for immediate physical action while increasing those that are useful for long-term survival, such as eating and digestion.
(2) The system that's responsible for quickly preparing the body for action by reducing certain lower-priority bodily function such as digestion, and increasing others like heart rate. This is called the fight-or-flight response.
(1) Parasympathetic nervous system
(2) Sympathetic nervous system
The ANS is heavily regulated by which structures of the brain?
a) Hypothalamus and thalamus
b) Amygdala and pituitary gland
c) Brain stem and hypothalamus
d) Amydala and hypothalamus
c) Brain stem and hypothalamus
While most behaviours involve the brain, but there are some involutary actions that do not. What occurs when a stimulus generates an immediate behavioural action triggered by the spinal cord before the information reaches the brain?
A reflex action
Match the words to their definitions.
(1) Cerebral cortex
(2) White matter
(3) Cerebrum
(4) Gray matter
(5) Hippocampus
a) Controls and regulates voluntary behaviour
b) Made up of neuronal cell bodies
c) A complex structure which involves memory formation and is structurally an extension of the temporal lobe
d) Consists of nerve tracts that connect neurons to each other
e) Folded, layered structure, the most superficial portion of the human brain
(1) e
(2) d
(3) a
(4) b
(5) c
Most sensory information from one side of the body tends to cross over to the other side, this is called contralateral. Which sensory information process is not able to cross over.
a) Touch
b) Smell
c) Vision
d) Taste
c) Vision. The left and right eye don't project to tge opposite side. Instead, everything to the left (the left visual field) projects to the right hemisphere and vice versa.
Why does the brain have gyri and sulci?
a) It makes it easier for the neurons to know where to migrate
b) The gyri and sulci each have a specific function
c) It increases the surface area that can fit into the skull
d) it increases blood flow to the spinal cord
c) It increases the surface area tha can fit into the skull. If you were to flatten the entire cortex, you would have a large working space
Which of these is the best description of the different functional specializations of the two hemisphere?
a) Left: spatial reasoning -- Right: language
b) Left: language -- Right: spatial reasoning
c) Left: language -- Right: mathematical reasoning
d) Left: emotion -- Right: spatial reasoning
b) Left: language -- Right: spatial reasoning
What is functional localization?
Specific parts of the cortex have different specific jobs.
Should someone with brain damage that affects their behaviour, like Phineas Gage, be held legally and morally responsible for their actions?
If someone's behavior is clearly affected by their brain injury, this should certainly be taken into consideration in terms of determining their potential criminal liability. If they are not behaving as they would without the injury, it is obviously a factor outside their control.
Which of the following did the case of Phineas Gage give researchers evidence to support?
a) People can recover from traumatic brain damage
b) Different parts of the brain serve different functions
c) The brain works as one whole unit
d) The frontal lobe is not critical to function normally
b) Different parts of the brain serve different functions
Where must you present an object to a split-brain patient if you want them to name that object?
a) Left eye
b) Right eye
c) Left visual field
d) Right visual field
d) Right visual field
What measures the electrical activity of the active brain that travels through the scalp?
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Sam is participating in a sleep study. Researchers place electrodes to Sam's scalp which are connected to an EEG. What kind of information will be provided by the EEG?
a) Changes in blood flow
b) The functions in the areas necessary for sleep
c) Electrical activity of the brain during sleep
d) The kind of neurotransmitters released during sleep
c) Electrical activity of the brain during sleep
What is measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
The flow of blood in the brain. The blood delivers oxygen more quickly to active neurons than to inactive neurons.
Measuring brain activity when participants perform the task they wish to study and compare to when the participants is enging in a different task or no task at all, is known as the
"subtraction method". The portions of the brain that are more active when the participant is doing the task of interest are assumed to be more heavily involved.
A computer can learn to determine what a participant is seeing/thinking by examining their pattern of brain activity.
Multi-variate pattern analysis (MVPA)
Which two statements are true about EEG relative to fMRI?
a) EEG takes less temporally frequent measurements
b) EEG takes more spatially precise measurements
c) EEG take more temporally frequent measurements
d) EEG takes less spatially precise measurements
c) EEG takes more temporally frequent measurements
d) EEG takes less spatially precise measurements
Technique that uses brief but strong magnetic pulses that are able to penetrate through the skull and temporarily disrupt the electrical activity of the brain.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
True or False.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has two limitations.
(1) It's only possible to disrupt regions that are close to the brain surface
(2) TMS can't precisely pinpoint what effect is has on the brain, it may generate excitatory or inhibitory behaviour
True
Which method can tell researchers whether some portion of the brain is causually involved in performing a specific function?
a) Electroencephalography (EEG)
b) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
c) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
d) Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)
c) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
_____________ is the ability for the brain to reorganize the spatial arrangment of its function.
Neuroplasticity
Researchers who study dreams may be interested in figuring out the content of their participant's dream even if the participant can't remember the dream to report it. Which technique would be most useful for making this kind of inference?
a) Electroencephalography (EEG)
b) Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA)
c) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
d) Analysis of lesions to the brain
b) Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA)
The ________ system consists of all nerves and cells thoughtout the body whose job it is to receive and transmit inbformation from one part of the body to the other.
nervous
The cortex is divided up into 4 distinct lobes separated by deep ________ and fissures.
sulci
The idea that specific parts of the cortex do different jobs is known as _____________.
functional localization
People with damage to their left hemisphere are likely to have trouble with
a) Memory
b) Spatial processing
c) Control of their left hand
d) Language
d) Language
To say two functions are doubly dissociated indicates that those two functions
a) Involve the same mechanisms
b) Involve different mechanisms
c) Interact with each other
d) Can't function alone
d) Involve different mechanisms
Match each brain region to their functions.
(1) Frontal lobe
(2) Parietal Lobe
(3) Temporal lobe
(4) Occipital Lobe
a) Meaning of sensory information and language
b) Executive control and planning
c) Vision
d) Attention and somatosensory processing
(1) b
(2) d
(3) a
(4) c
If a split-brain patient is presented with a triamgle in their left visual field and a circle in their right visual field, which object will they verbally name?
a) Neither the circle nor the triangle
b) Both the circle and the triangle
c) The triangle
d) The circle
d) The circle
An EEG measures __________.
a) The flow of blood in the brain
b) The electrical activity of an active brain
c) The electrical activity of a single (or very few) neurons
d) The BOLD response
b) The electrical activity of an active brain
As comapred to EEG, fMRI has good ________ reolution.
spatial
What is sensation?
The conversion of physical properties of the environement into a neural code by the PNS.
What is perception?
The processing and interpretation of the sensory information into a form that's useful for a behavioural decision.
Where in the nervous system can perception be said to take place?
a) Brain
b) Spinal cord
c) Sensory receptors
d) Motor neurons
a) Brain
Match the words to their definitions.
(1) Proprioception
(2) Nociception
(3) Equilibrioception
(4) Interoception
a) The sensing and processing of information from inside the body
b) The perception of bodily balance
c) The perception of pain due to internal body damage
d) The perception of the limbs in space
(1) Proprioception d) The perception of the location of the limbs in space
(2) Nociception c) The perception of pain due to internal body damage
(3) Equilibrioception b) The perception of bodily balance
(4) Interoception a) The sensing and processing of information from inside the body
Match the following words to their definitions.
(1) Chemoreceptors
(2) Mechanoreceptors
(3) Photoreceptors
(4) Thermoreceptors
a) Specialized to respond to heat. Are stimulated by heat/cold, may be found in the skin
b) Specialized to respond to mechanical forces. Are stimulated by physical force from parts of the body including the skin, the inner ears and arteries
c) Their nerve endings are specialized that respond to concentrations of chemicals in their environment. Found in the nose and mouth, senses of smell and taste. Measure buildup of chemicals related to tissue damage
d) Specialized to respond to light. Increased light energy results in lower levels of neurotransmitter release
(1) Chemoreceptors c) Their nerve endings are specialized that respond to concentrations of chemicals in their environment. Found in the nose and mouth, senses of smell and taste. Measure buildup of chemicals related to tissue damage
(2) Mechanoreceptors b) Specialized to respond to mechanical forces. Are stimulated by physical force from parts of the body including the skin, the inner ears and arteries
(3) Photoreceptors d) Specialized to respond to light. Increased light energy results in lower levels of neurotransmitter release
(4) Thermoreceptors a) Specialized to respond to heat. Are stimulated by heat/cold, may be found in the skin
In order for light to enter the eye, it must first pass through the ______, which is a transparent, rubbery layer of tissue at the front of the eye. It bends the light in order to helop it land on the correct part of the back of the eye. After the cornea, the light passes through a small opening in the ______, (the circular ring of coloured muscle). This, and the small opening called the ______, can contract and relax in order to change the amount of light coming into the eye.
cornea; iris; pupil
Sort these items based on the order in which light enters the eye.
1. Pupil
2. Cornea
3. Lens
1. Cornea
2. Pupil
3. Lens
Is this statement true?
Objects that are farther away produce a smaller image on the retina than those that are close by.
Yes
What structure of the eye causes light from above to fall onto the bottom of the back of the eye and vice-versa?
The pupil
Do rods have reduced resolution? If so, what does this mean?
Rods do have reduced resolution, it means they can't make out sharp details unlike cones which have a higher resolution.
Do rods require more or less light than cones to be stimulated?
Less
The retina begins processing visual stimuli before it reaches the brain. What is the purpose of pre-processing?
To reduce the amount of information that the retina needs to send to the brain.
In the _____________, we see neurons that respond to fairly simple patterns, mostly consisting of oriented edges of particular sizes.
primary visual cortex (V1)
Which of the following categories would neurons at the highest/latest levels of the visual stream likely be selected for?
a) Oriented edges
b) Specific objecs and faces
c) Specific shapes
d) Spots of light
b) Specific objects and faces
Match the words to their definitions.
(1) Prosopagnosia
(2) Semantic agnosia
(3) Fusiform face area (FFA)
(4) Agnosia
(5) Lateral occipital cortex (LOC)
a) A visual deficit leading to the inability to recognize objects
b) A region in the inferior temporal cortex that shows greatest activity when a subject is performing face-specific tasks
c) A region in the occipital cortex that shows greatest acitivty whena subject is performing object-recognition tasks
d) A visual deficit that leads to the inability to recognizing faces
e) A disability in which an individual has difficulty recognizing/perceiving certain kinds of objects
(1) Prosopagnosia d)A visual deficit that leads to the inability to recognizing faces
(2) Semantic angosia a) A visual deficit leading to the inability to recognize objects
(3) Fusiform face area b) A region in the inferior temporal cortex that shows greatest activity when a subject is performing face-specific tasks
(4) Agnosia e) A disability in which an individual has difficulty recognizing/perceiving certain kinds of objects
(5) Lateral occipital cortex c) A region in the occipital cortex that shows greatest acitivty whena subject is performing object-recognition tasks
Data from the Greebles study challenge which idea about functional localization in the brain?
a) Specific brain regions are devoted to specific tasks
b) The FFA is specialized to process faces
c) The FFA is used for object recognition
d) The FFA is not specialized for any specific function
b) The FFA is specialized to process faces
Is the following statement true?
After the visual input first reaches the visual cortex, axons diverge in two directions, referred to as streams. The dorsal stream projects upward and terminates in the temporal lobe, while the ventral stream projects downward and terminates in the parietal lobe.
False, the dorsal stream projects upward to the parietal lobe and the ventral stream projects downward to the temporal lobe.
Mishkin and Ungerleirder (1982) observed monkeys that had lesions to either their dorsal or ventral stream. They found that monkeys with ______ damage had difficulty doing a visual mathcing task when it involved determining if an object was the same or different. Monkey with ______ damage, were able to do this task but had difficulty when they needed to compare the location of the object.
ventral; dorsal
Mishkin and Ungerleider (1982) concluded that the ventral stream is for processing the "______", while the dorsal stream is for processing the "______".
what; where
According to Goodale and Milner's theory, the dorsal/ventral streams process which kind of information?
a) Size/distance
b) Where/what
c) Meaning/form
d) Action/perception
d) Action/perception
The auditory system is designed to transform sound waves into a neural signal. First, we have the ______, that captures sound and transmit it into the ______, which is a narrow tube that amplifies certain frequencies. This sound is then transmitted to the ______, a thin piece of tissue separating the ear canal form the inner ear. Then, these frequencies are passed through a series of tiny bones called ______, which are relayed to the fluid-filled ______. Later, _________ mechanoreceptors, which contain tiny ______, are moved by vibrations in the fluid and convert these vibrations into a neural signal.
pinna; ear canal; eardrum; cochlea; basilar membrane; hair cells
Is the following statement true?
Sound loses a lot of its amplitude when it moves from air to fluid.
True
A spatial arrangement of neural structure in which locations are organized based on the frequency of sound they encode, is known as a
tonotopic map
The auditory cortex begins with the _____________, located in the temporal lobe.
primary auditory cortex (A1)
Just as in the visual system, the auditory system projects a dorsal and ventral stream. The ______ is hypothesized to be involved in sound localization and the ______ in sound identification.
dorsal; ventral
Match to the words to their correct definitions.
(1) Sound waves
(2) Amplitude
(3) Frequency (wavelength)
a) The height from the trough of the wave to its crest
b) Measures how long the waves are, the distance between the crests of the waves
c) Oscillating movement in the air caused by vibrations of objects
(1) Sound waves c) Oscillating movement in the air caused by vibrations of objects
(2) Amplitude a) The height from the trough of the wave to its crest
(3) Frequency b) Measures how long the waves are, the distance between the crests of the waves
Which two senses are the most valuable in humans?
a) Gustation and olfaction
b) Vision and gustation
c) Visual and auditory
d) Auditory and olfaction
c) Visual and auditory
Both the sense of taste and smell depend on specialized receptors.
In gustation, these receptors are contained in _________ on the tongue. The gustatory signal is relayed through several subcortical areas and then on the _____________, which contains two substructures: one on the _________, a deep fissure diving the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe, and the other on the frontal lobe.
The olfactory system begins with the nostrils and the throat, where molecules are passed to the _____________, which contains tens of millions of chemical sensory receptors. We can differenciate a trillion different odours. the sensory neurons transduce the chemical information and sends it to the _____________, a specialized brain structure that sits at the bottom of the forebrain.
taste buds; primary gustatory cortex; lateral sulcus
olfactory epithelium; olfactory bulb
This representation is enlarged for portions of the body that are more dense with sensory receptors, and smaller for those areas with more sparse receptors.
The cortical homunculus
Once information is gathered by our sense, it is sent to the brain for further processing involved in perception.
Here are two perspectives: (1) constructive perception and (2) direct perception
Match their proper definitions.
a) The perceptual processing your brain attempts to construct a mental model of the external world based on sensory input. Sensory stimulus -> Mental model -> Action
b) Based on the relationship between the sensory stimulus and a person's actions. Certain properties of sensory stimulus are used to guide behaviour in a continuous perception loop. Sensory stimulus -> Action
(1) a)
(2) b)
When a given material absorbs a lot of light, how does it affect how the material is perceived?
a) It will appear dark
b) It will appear light
c) It will appear colourful
d) It will lack colour
a) It will appear dark
What do illusions reveal about the assumptions that the brain makes during perception?
a) Perception is not as useful as sensation
b) These assumptions are usually incorrect
c) Perception often depends on guesses
d) Our brains can't be tricked
c) Perceptions often depends on guesses
What is the phonemic restoration effect?
It involves "filling in" missing sounds from a speech signal based on our expectations about sounds belonging to that portion of speech.
Which of the following would be necessary in order to count the number of objects in an image?
a) Depth perception
b) Top-down processing
c) Image segmentation
d) Visual grouping
c) Image segmentation
_____________ depends on a combination of bottom-up and top-down processes
Image segmentation
Which feature is the most important in terms of image segmentation and edge detection?
a) A dark region
b) A light region
c) A point in the image where there is a sudden change from dark to light
d) A point in the image where there is a gradual change from dark to light
c) A point in the image where there is a sudden change from dark to light
The determination of which side of a boundary contains the shape vs. the background, is known as
The figure-ground assignment
Which of the following is a good explanantion for the symmetry bias?
a) Many real objects tend to have symmetry
b) Symmetry only appears in objects by accident
c) Objects with symmetry tend to appear in the background
d) Real objects with symmetry tend to surprise us
a) Many real objects tend to have symmetry
Combining spatially separate regions into unified wholes, is known as
visual grouping
Match the Gestalt principles to their definitions.
(1) Similarity
(2) Proximity
(3) Good continuation
a) Group features of the image that are close together
b) Group together features of the image whose properties are like each other
c) Group together features that form a smooth and continuous path
(1) Similar b) Group together features of the image whose properties are like each other
(2) Proximity a) Group features of the image that are close together
(3) Good continuation c) Group together features that form a smooth and continuous path
Information that helps us figure out how far an object is away from you, is known as
depth perception
Match the word to its definition.
(1) Binocular disparity
(2) Stereopsis
a) The brain can use different disparities to determine the depth of the objects relative to its fixation
b) Features of an image falls on the retina of the two eyes
(1) Binocular disparity b) Features of an image falls on the retina of the two eyes
(2) Stereopsis a) The brain can use different disparities to determine the depth of the objects relative to its fixation
What aspect of having two eyes may be used to perceive depth?
a) Image features will fall on different locations on the two retinas
b) Image features will have different sizes on the two retinas
c) Image features will fall on the same location on the two retinas
d) Image features will have the same sizes on the two retinas
a) Image features will fall on different locations on the two retinas
_________ depends on mathcing some incming stimulus to a stored representation in memory.
A simple model of recognition that depends on directly matching an incoming image to an image of an object in order to determine whether they reach some threshold of similarity, is called a
Recognition; template model
What approach to recognition involves comparing two images of the same object point by point to see if they are exactly the same?
a) Template matching
b) Stereopsis
c) Depth perception
d) Binocular disparity
a) Template matching
A form of recognition that consists of determining whether a given image corresponds to a specific individual object is called _________.
A form of recognition that consists of determining whether a given image corresponds to a class is called _________.
identification; classification
Where does sensation take place?
a) Brain
b) Sprinal cord
c) Sensory organs
d) Eye
c) Sensory organs
Vibrations on the hair follicles in our ears: _________.
A baby is crying: _________.
sensation; perception
Match the terms correctly.
(1) Touch
(2) Smell and taste
(3) Seeing
(4) Hearing
(5) Procioception
(6) Nociception
(7) Equilibrioception
a) The sense of balance
b) The sense of pain due to bodily damage
c) Air pressure vibrations
d) Direct pressure or temperation
e) Chemicals
f) The sense of where in space our limbs are
g) Light energy
(1) Touch d) Direct pressure or temperature
(2) Smell and taste e) Chemicals
(3) Seeing g) Light energy
(4) Hearing c) Air pressure vibrations
(5) Procioception f) The sense of where in space our limbs are
(6) Nociception b) The sense of pain due to bodily damage
(7) Equilibrioception a) The sense of balance
How do we know a certain object's lightness
a) Measure how much light is entering the eye
b) Measure how much light is being absorbed (-) how much is being reflected off the object
c) Measure how much light is reflected off the object
d) Guess how much light is hitting the surface
d) Guess how much light is hitting the surface
The Necker Cube is an example of a
a) 3D image
b) Bi-stable image
c) Stable image
d) Dynamic image
b) Bi-stable image
If you want to make out the fine details of an image, which would you want to utilize?
a) Rods
b) Cones
c) Optic nerve
d) Bipolar cells
b) Cones
Feature-based recognition
a) demonstrates that recognition is better from familiar views than from unfamiliar views
b) demonstrates that we use features that remain stable across viewpoints
c) is the best approach to recognition and is supported by research data
d) is similar to template matching except that is even more inflexible
b) demonstrates that we use features that remain stable across viewpoints
All of these are Gestalt principles except
a) The law of similarity
b) The law of proximity
c) Good continuation
d) The law of occlusion
d) The law of occlusion
Which part of the brain shows greater activity when people engage in a facial recognition task than when they perform other kinds of recognition tasks?
a) Fusiform face area (FFA)
b) Lateral occipital cortex (LOC)
c) Occipital lobe
d) Frontal lobe
a) Fusiform face area (FFA)
Processing that doesn't require any specific knowledge of the stimulus.
Bottom-up processing
_____________ is the failure to perceive an object that occurs in plain sight.
Inattentional blindness
What aspect of cognition does attention most directly control?
a) Behavioural response
b) Memory
c) Information processing
d) Sensory transduction
c) Information processing
What's the inability to notice an unexpected stimulus due to attention being focused elsewhere called?
a) Divided attention
b) Lapse of attention
c) Inattentional blindness
d) Visual agnosia
c) Inattentional blindness
Another type of inattentional blindness that can be measured is called _________, which refers to the inability to detect differences in two alternating flashed images.
change-blindness
High-load tasks can create _____________, which is when auditory information isn't perceived.
inattentional deafness
The most common form of attentional filtering is called _____________, which occurs when someone pays attention to one thing at the expense of all others.
selective attention
A classic example of selective attention is the ability to attend to a specific voice in an environment where other competing voices are present, is known as the _____________.
cocktail party effect
In the dichotic listening task, participants wear headphones while different sound streams are presented to each ear.
What is the purpose of the dichotic listening task?
The purpose of this task is for the participants to repeat, "shadow", the words spoken in one ear, the "attended" ear, while ignoring the information in the other, "unattended" ear.
Match the following.
(1) Attended message
(2) Unattended message
(3) Shadowing
a) The stimulus that's supposed to be ignored by the subjects
b) The repetition of the selected message
c) The message that the subject is listening to
(1) Attended message c) The message that the subject is listening to
(2) Unattended message a) The stimulus that's supposed to be ignored byt the subjects
(3) Shadowing b) The repetition of the selected message
What's the process of directing your attention to chosen stimuli called?
a) Divided attention
b) Selective attention
c) Dichotic listening
d) Tunnel vision
b) Selective attention
Since she has been on vacation for a week, Natalie can hardly wait to talk to her best friend. Natalie is temporarily worried because they decided to meet at a restaurant that is notoriously crowded. After meeting, she realizes that it is actually easy to focus only on her friend's voice and block out of all of the other conversions. What is Natalie experiencing?
a) Change blindness
b) Cocktail party effect
c) Cherry effect
d) Bottlenecking
b) Cocktail party effect
Match the words to their correct definitions.
(1) Late-selection model
(2) Early-selection model
(3) Attenuator model
a) Model that unattended information is filtered based on basic physical characteristics without processing meaning
b) Theory in which unattended stimuli are processed but at a reduced level relative to attended stimuli
c) Model that unattended information is first processed in terms of its meaning, then filtered based on irrelevancy
(1) Late-selection model c) Model that unattended information is first processed in terms of its meaning, then filtered based on irrelevancy
(2) Early-selection model a) Model that unattended information is filtered based on basic physical characteristics without processing meaning
(3) Attenuator model b) Theory in which unattended stimuli are processed but at a reduced level relative to attended stimuli
Recall Natalie's conversation with her friend. Imagine that, while she is having a conversation with her friend at the restaurant, the neighboring table is talking about Natalie Portman's latest movie. If the early-selection model always accurately predicts what attention will block, which of the following would be true?
a) When the table mentions Natalie Portman, that conversation will briefly distract Natalie from her friend's voice
b) When the table mentiopns natalie Portman, Natalie will not be distracted from her friend's voice unless they start shouting about the movie
c) Natalie will hear the neighbouring conversation only if she is personally interested in movies
d) Natalie will pay attention to all streams of information equally
b) When the table mentiopns natalie Portman, Natalie will not be distracted from her friend's voice unless they start shouting about the movie
_____________ is a measure of how much processing resources are needed in order to perform a task.
Attentional load
The basic idea of load is that even if you are selectively attending to some stimulus, it may not take up all of your processing resources. Thus, some of these resources may be "______" to process things that you are not paying attention to.
left over
The _____________ is a technique used to study attention in which an irrelevant distractor is included alongside experiemntal stimuli in order to see whether the distractor is processed, therefore, increasing reaction time.
Eriksen Flanker Task
A subject is completing a flanker task. Like the one mentioned above, they need to press the right arrow when the target is an H or K and the left arrow when it is an S or C. Based on what you know of attentional load, which of the following should have the slowest response time?
a) H H H H H H H
b) H H H K H H H
c) S S S H S S S
d) K K K H K K K
c) S S S H S S S
The researchers recorded neural activity while participants completed a high- and low-load task. What did the neural results indicate about the subjects' ability to process an auditory tone while completing a high-load task?
a) They could hear the tone and visually process information at the same time
b) They appeared to hear the tone but ignored it
c) Their neural activity did not show anything meaningful
d) They did not appear to consciously hear the tone
d) They did not appear to consciously hear the tone
When a certain task is so familiar, we do not need to pay attention in order to do it. This is referred to as _____________.
automatic processing
In regards to the Stroop task, ______ has been argued to be more automatic while ______ is more controlled.
a) Reading the colour of the ink; reading the colour of the word
b) Reading the colour of the ink; reading the colour of the ink
c) Reading the word; reading the colour of the ink
d) Reading the colour of the ink; reading the word
c) Reading the word; reading the colour of the ink
Typing is probably something you've practiced for many years of your life. Now when you type a paper, you don't need to be thinking about, or looking at, the keys to be able to write your report. In this case, typing would be an example of what kind of process?
a) Controlled process
b) Automatic process
c) Overt process
d) Inattentional blindness
b) Automatic process
Bavelier et al. (2012) compared the neural activity of video and non-video game players while completing a search task. Which of the following is true?
a) Video game players did worse at each task
b) Video game players showed less parietal lobe activation, indicating less of a need for recruiting attentional networks
c) Non-video game players were faster at and recruited less frontoparietal resources than video game players, showing a braod detriment of playing video games
d) Video game players were able to do the tasks faster because they recruited their frontroparietal attention network at higher levels than the non-video game players
b) Video game players showed less parietal lobe activation, indicating less of a need for recruiting attentional networks
_____________ is when people attend to multiple objects at the same time, known as multi-tasking.
Divided attention
True or False.
Studies have shown that talking on a cell phone while driving increases the probablity of accidents compared to driving while intoxicated.
True
Which type of attentional control is involved in trying to multitask?
a) Selective attention
b) Divided attention
c) Automaticity
d) Controlled processing
b) Divided attention
Some researchers have argued that humans are not capable of mulitasking and, instead, may just be doing what?
a) Switching between tasks
b) Zoning out
c) Selecting only one thing and continuing to pay attention to it
d) Prioritizing which tasks are important to us and doing them first
a) Switching between tasks
When allocating our attention to moving objects, about how many items can we simultaneously track?
a) 1
b) 10
c) 7
d) 4
d) 4
In Posner's (1980) study, what was indicated by "valid" trials?
a) Trials in which the target would appear in the cued location
b) Trials in which the target would appear anywhere on the screen
c) Trials in which the target would appear in the non-cued location
d) Trials in which the target would not appear at all
a) Trials in which the target would appear in the cued location
Based on Posner (1980), what's one possible purpose of attention?
a) To help us remember what task we are doing
b) To help us see where to look and focus our eyes
c) To prepare the mind for processing in a pre-attentive phase
d) To keep us from getting distracted during a task
c) To prepare the mind for processing in a pre-attentive phase
According to Anne Treisman's _____________, attention is needed in order to combine distinct features into coherent perceptual objects.
feature-integration theory
Match the words to its definition.
(1) Single-feature search
(2) Visual search
(3) Conjunction errors
(4) Conjunction search
a) A failure to accurately bind together the discrete features of a single object
b) A version of a visual-search task in which the target is distinguished from the distractors based on single-features
c) An experimental task in which participants must search for a target object among distractors
d) A version of visual-search task in which the target is distinguised from the distractors based on several features
(1) Single-feature search b) A version of a visual-search task in which the target is distinguished from the distractors based on single-features
(2) Visual search c) An experimental task in which participants must search for a target object among distractors
(3) Conjunction errors a) A failure to accurately bind together the discrete features of a single object
(4) Conjunction search d) A version of visual-search task in which the target is distinguised from the distractors based on several features
There are two broad types of attentional control.
(1) Exogenous attentional control
(2) Endogenous attentional control
Which definition belongs to each?
a) Occurs when a person chooses what to pay attention to, based on their goals or intentions
b) Occurs when some property of the environment drives us to pay attention to it
(1) b)
(2) a)
The internet phenomenon of visual clickbait often involves a bright, moving, or flashing image in order to capture your interest. Which attentional phenomenon are advertisers trying to take advantage of in creating these images?
a) Endogenous attentional control
b) Exogenous attentional control
c) Divided attention
d) Selective attention
b) Exogenous attentional control
True or False.
When you move your eyes to where you are attending, it's called cover attention. When you are able to move your attention around, even though your gaze is fixed in a particular location, this is called overt attention.
False. When you move your eyes to where you are attending, it's called overt attention. When you are able to move your attention around, even though your gaze is fixed in a particular location, this is called covert attention.
Which part of the brain is found to be involved in the perception of motion?
a) Hippocampus
b) Somatosensory cortex
c) Medial Temporal lobes (MT)
d) Thalamus
c) Medial Temporal lobes (MT)
Which area of the brain has been shown to process motion?
a) Area VT
b) Area V1
c) Area MT
d) Intraparietal sulcus
c) Area MT
Which area of the cortex is associated with exogenous attention and orienting you to unexpected stimuli?
a) Right hemisphere
b) The frontal eye fields (FEF)
c) Area MT
d) Intraparietal sulcus
a) Right hemisphere
Which area of the brain has been associated with an endogenous attention network to prepare neural activation for pre-processing?
a) Right hemisphere
b) The frontal eye fields (FEF)
c) Area MT
d) Intraparietal sulcus
d) Intraparietal sulcus
Cognitive control and suppressing behaviours can be seen using what's referred to as _________.
go/no-go task
Match these deficits to its definition.
(1) Visual neglect
(2) Occulomotor apraxia
(3) Austism spectrum disorder (ASD)
(4) Balint syndrome
(5) Simultanagnosia
a) The inability to execute visually guided movements
b) Typically occurs when patients have damage to their right parietal lobe. Cause them to not notice their entire left visual field
c)The inability to identify or use more than one object in a scene at a time
d) Leads to deficits in language, impaired social behaviours, repetitive actions and general delays in cognitive development
e) Occurs due to a stroke that simultaneously affects the parietal lobes of both hemispheres
(1) Visual neglect b) Typically occurs when patients have damage to their right parietal lobe. Cause them to not notice their entire left visual field
(2) Occulomotor apraxia a) The inability to execute visually guided movements
(3) ASD d) Leads to deficits in language, impaired social behaviours, repetitive actions and general delays in cognitive development
(4) Balint syndrome e) Occurs due to a stroke that simultaneously affects the parietal lobes of both hemispheres
(5) Simultanagnosia c) The inability to identify or use more than one object in a scene at a time
Which of these is a deficit associated with Balint syndrome that inhibits the ability to attend to more than one thing?
a) Apraxia
b) Simultanagnosia
c) Selective attention
d) Attention deficit
b) Simultanagnosia
When trying to identify emotions, how do controls tend to differ from subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a) Subjects with ASD are unable to name and identify any emotions
b) Control subjects scan the entire face of stimuli and outperform subjects with ASD on all categories
c) Control subjects tend to focus on the stimuli's eyes and central regions of the face compared to subjects with ASD
d) Subjects with ASD tend to focus more on the stimuli's eyes and central regions of the face but still struggle to actually name the emotion expressed
c) Control subjects tend to focus on the stimuli's eyes and central regions of the face compared to subjects with ASD
Children with ASD have been found to display visual tracking deficits at which age?
a) 12 years
b) 6 months
c) 12 months
d) 3 years
b) 6 months
The process of choosing which sensory information to process and which to exclude is termed ______.
a) Hearing
b) Attention
c) Memory
d) Perception
b) Attention
Mary is talking on her cellphone while at the store and is devoting her full attention to her conversation. While she is walking down the aisle, a young woman next to her trips and falls. Mary does not look at the woman and continues to talk and shop. The woman that fell thinks Mary is very rude and insensitive to not offer to help. While this may be true, it is also possible that Mary didn't see the woman fall because she was experiencing _____________.
a) Change blindness
b) Selective attention
c) Divided attention
d) Inattentional blindness
d) Inattentional blindness
The reason we need attention is that our brains have insufficient _________ resources.
a) Sensory
b) Memory
c) Processing
d) Neurotransmitter
c) Processing
Select the options that could describe attention.
a) Limited
b) Always under unconscious control
c) Selective
d) Limitless
e) Always consciouly controlled
a) Limited
c) Selective
According to Broadbent's early selection model of attention, when is the meaning of information processed?
a) Only after you've selected information to focus on and the attentional filter is applied
b) Meaning of all information your sensory receptors are collecting is continually being processed
c) Before the filter of attention is applied and then selection is based on that meaning
d) Continually throughout the listening process
a) Only after you've selected information to focus on and the attentional filter is applied
Support from early selection models of attention came from dichotic listening tasks showing that participants were able to block out many of the following from their unattended ear. Which of the following did participants notice?
a) Their name
b) The same word repeated nearly 30 times
c) If the sex of the voice changed bewteen female and male
d) The language of the voice changed
e) If the message was played in reverse
f) The voice changed to a pure tone
a) Their name
c) If the sex of the voice changed bewteen female and male
f) The voice changed to a pure tone
To account for how subjects could follow a meaningful message that switched between ears in a dichotic listening task, Anne Treisman added an _________ to the filter model to explain how unattended information still leaks past the filter but is relatively weaker.
attenuator
Hearing a loud noise and then turning towards the source is an example of which type of attentional control?
a) Endogenous
b) Exogenous
c) Saccadic
d) Covert
b) Exogenous
The finding that you recognize your name being said in the unattended ear during dichotic listening tasks is evidence against which model of attention?
a) Early selection
b) Late selection
c) Attenuator
d) All of the above
a) Early selection
The finding that the colour of a printed word interferes with naming that word aloud suggests that reading involves _____________.
a) Divided attention
b) Endogenous attention
c) Automatic processing
d) Attenuation
c) Automatic processing
In the flanker compatibility test, the effect of an "incompatible" flanker in the low-load condition was that it _____________.
a) Increased reaction time
b) Decreased reaction time
c) Had no effect on reaction time
d) Depends on whether the partcipants were on their cell phones
a) Increased reaction time
Allen is working on his math homework and is working through a particularly difficult problem while his mother is shouting for him to come downstairs for dinner. After yelling several times in a row, she goes upstairs to ask why he is ignoring her. Allen reports that he never even heard her because he was focusing so hard on his math problem. The math problem most likely is
a _____________ task for Allen due to difficulty and attentional demands it places on him.
high load
Delaney is on the final chapter of her book and is very engrossed in the chapter. She is so engrossed that she doesn't hear the oven timer go off. Due to her selective attention, she has not consciously processed the auditory information. Delaney has experienced _____________.
inattentional deafness
Which of the following are examples of automatic processes?
a) Teddy is learning to ride a bike for the first time
b) Sherri is typing her term paper without looking at the keys
c) Mike is riding his bike to work and doesn't have to think about his control of the bike
d) Nona is learning a new dance routine for her dance squad
b) Sherri is typing her term paper without looking at the keys
c) Mike is riding his bike to work and doesn't have to think about his control of the bike
True or False.
Distraction while driving and talking on a cell phone canbe reduced if you use hand-held devices.
False
The task of finding Waldo would be an example of which task>
a) Divided attention
b) Dichotic visual task
c) Visual search
d) Exogenous search
c) Visual search
In Where's Waldo, you are looking for a character that has a striped shirt, striped hat, and possibly several accessories. Which type of search does this represent?
a) Single-feature
b) Conjunction
c) Dichotomous
d) Automaticity
b) Conjunction
If you have to search for a red X among a bunch of distractor green Xs, what should we expect as we increase the number of distractors?
a) Search time should decrease with more distractors
b) Search time should increase with more distractors
c) Search time should remain about the same with more distractors
c) Search time should remain about the same with more distractors
Realizing you forgot where you parked your car, you actively start scanning the parking lot with the goal of finding your car. This would be an example of which type of attention?
a) Convertly controlled attention
b) Exogenously controlled attention
c) Endogenously controlled attention
d) Automatically controlled attention
c) Endogenously controlled attention
While you are studying, your phone dings with a text. You involuntarily look towards your phone. This would be an example of which of the following?
a) Overtly controlled attention
b) Exogenously controlled attention
c) Endogenously controlled attention
d) Automatically controlled attention
b) Exogenously controlled attention
After being shown the stimuli below, Mark is asked to describe what he saw. He reports that he saw a purple triangle and an orange elipse. He has completed which kind of error?
a) Single-feature error
b) Conjunction error
c) Visual search error
d) Inattentional error
b) Conjunction error
Luke suffered a stroke which damaged his occipital and parietal lobe regions. He has struggled with matching his movements to what he sees and can only report one object in an array at a time. Luke is most likely experiencing _________.
a) Visual neglect
b) ASD
c) Ataxic attention syndrome
d) Balint's syndrome
d) Balint's syndrome
People with Balint's syndrome experience which of the following?
a) Optic ataxia
b) Visual neglect
c) Dementia
d) Simultanagnosia
e) Blindness
a) Optic ataxia
d) Simultanagnosia
The image of the guy made of flowers, fruits and vegetables demonstartes which of the following?
a) Visual neglect
b) ADHD
c) Simultanagnosia
d) All of the above
c) Simultanagnosia
William suffered a stroke which caused damage only to his right parietal lobe. Now when he goes to eat, he only eats the right side of his plate and tends to ignore stimuli on the left side of his visual field. Which of the following is William most likely suffering from?
a) ADHD
b) Visual neglect
c) Balint's syndrome
d) ASD
b) Visual neglect