Translation
What is translation?
The process by which the info encoded in mRNA directs the synthesis of specific amino acid sequences into polypeptides/proteins.
______ carries the message from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. ______ functions in the cytoplasm to carry amino acids to the ribosomes. _______ combines with ribosomal proteins to construct cytoplasmic ribosomes.
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Translation depends on complementary base pairing between _______ on mRNA and _______ on tRNA. Each tRNA can be differentiated by its _______, which is complementary to a _______ of the mRNA. These match up to produce the specific protein coded for by the mRNA.
codons, anticodons, anticodon, codon
What are the functions of the A, P, and E sites of the tRNA?
A- Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
P- Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
E- Discharges the tRNA that has lost its amino acid
The______ tRNA pairs with the mRNA _____ codon. The small ribosome subunit attaches to the ____ terminal of mRNA.
initiator, start (AUG), 5'
After the initiation complex forms, the ______ of the ribosome is added.
Large subunit
After the complete ribosome is formed, the ________ is bound to the __ site and the ___ site is empty.
Initiator tRNA, P, A
The ____ site is where the tRNA carrying the next amino acid enters the ribosome.
A
The ___ site is for any tRNA leaving a ribosome (minus an attched amino acid)
E
Describe the shape of tRNA.
Two-dimensional clover-leaf with three loops. Has a 5' and 3' end, the 3' end is free and is the site of amino acid attachment. There are complementary bases in the single stranded tRNA, so hydrogen bonds form at 4 areas, which causes the tRNA to fold into the two-dimensional three-leaf clover shape. One of the loops of the clover leaf has an exposed anticodon.
How many tRNAs can bind to a large subunit simeltaneously?
2
An enzyme catalyzes a _________ reaction between the two amino acids forming a peptide bond.
condensation