Cognitive Psychology
study of internal mental processes, all of the workings inside your brain, including perception. thinking, memory, attention, language. problem-solving, and learning.
cognitive Psychology
seeks to understand how people think, how information is processed, and how knowledge is acquired, stored, and used.
cognitive psychology
refers to the mental activities involved in knowing and understanding the world. It includes how people acquire information, store it, transform it, and use it when needed
Cognition
interpreting sensory information from the environment
Perception
retaining and retrieving information
Memory
understanding and producing speech and symbols
Language
finding solutions to challenges
Problem-solving
forming mental images
Imagery
drawing conclusions and making judgments
Reasoning
choosing among alternatives
Decision Making
is considered one of the earliest cognitive psychologists, examining topics like perception, memory, and mental imagery
Aristotle
examining one's inner experiences to answer questions about behavior. cognition, and the human mind
Introspection
representing deep reflection and the quest for understanding.
Great Thinker statue
represents contemplation, deep thinking, and the ability to transcend basic human instincts.
Great thinker
data gathered through careful observation and experimentation.
Empirical evidence
Knowledge comes from sensory experience and interaction with the environment.
Empiricism
Knowledge is innate, shaped by heredity, and accessible through logical reasoning.
Rationalism/Nativism
emphasized unconscious processes and internal forces. This thinkers believed that personality is innate and shaped by internal psychological forces.
psychoanalytic movement era
Psychology became an independent field separate from _______
philosophy
Psychoanalysts often had different interpretations of the same behavior, making findings inconsistent.
Subjectivity
Psychology was once again branded as philosophy and labeled as _______
pseudoscience
established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig in 1879. He's laboratory focused on controlled experimentation and systematic observation
Wilhelm Wundt
Behaviorism was introduced through the article ____________ published at Johns Hopkins University.
Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It
The study of observable behavior rather than internal mental processes
Behaviorism
A shift in methodology from psychoanalysis to experimentation. Greater emphasis on environmental influences rather than internal factors
Behaviorism
psychology was redefined as a ________ moving away from pseudoscience toward objectivity and measurement.
new science
The limitations of behaviorism led to the ________ which reintroduced the study of mental processes
The Cognitive Revolution
According to "The Cognitive Revolution: A Historical Perspective" by _______ psychologists began focusing again on how people think, remember, and process information.
George Miller
How we process and organize information.
Thinking Patterns
The influence of feelings and drives on behavior.
Emotion and Motivation
Mechanisms for encoding. storing, and retrieving information.
Memory
How individuals evaluate options and make choices.
Decision-Making
How we focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others.
Attention
The ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.
Intelligence
allow researchers to visualize the brain's structure and activity. These methods provide information about where in the brain process occurs and when it happens.
Brain imaging techniques
low brain function fMRI measures blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals. indirectly measures neural activity through blood flow.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
uses radioactive tracers that are injected into the bloodstream. These tracers allow researchers to measure metabolic activity, such as glucose use or neurotransmitter activity in the brain.
Positron Emission Tomography
Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to generate detailed images of brain anatomy.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Uses to, structural studies of brain development and aging.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Mapping lesions in stroke or traumatic brain injury.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
measures the movement of water molecules along white matter tracts, allowing researchers to examine neural connections.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
These techniques measure the electrical or magnetic activity of neurons directly. They are especially useful for understanding the timing of brain processes.
Electrophysiological Techniques
Combines cognitive tasks (e.g.. problem-solving, memory retrieval) with imaging techniques to relate performance to brain activity.
Cognitive Testing with Neuroimaging
Simulates neural networks to predict and explain brain functions. Useful for understanding large-scale brain dynamics.
Computational Modeling
Newer technologies are expanding the boundaries of cognitive neuroscience.
Emerging Techniques
are conditions that disrupt normal brain functioning and often affect thinking, movement, emotions, and behavior.
Brain disorders
Researchers use _______ and _______(e.g., brain imaging) to examine brain structure and function during and after life.
postmortem studies and in vivo techniques
occurs when blood flow to the brain is suddenly interrupted, causing brain cells tobe deprived of oxygen and nutrients. The effects depend on the brain area involved.
stroke
Caused by a blockage in a blood vessel supplying the brain; most common type.
Ischemic Stroke
Caused by a blockage in a blood vessel supplying the brain; most common type.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Caused by a ruptured blood vessel leading to bleeding in the brain
Hemorrhagic stroke
(neoplasms) are abnormal growths of cells in the brain that can seriously affect cognitive functioning.
Brain tumors
Tumors that Originate in the brain
Primary tumor
Tumor that Spread to the brain from other parts of the body
Secondary tumor
Classification of tumors that is Non-cancerous but can still cause serious problems by pressing on brain areas
Benign
Classification of tumors that is Cancerous, fast-growing, and life-threatening
Malignant
result from physical trauma such as accidents or violence.
Head injuries
Type of head injury where the Skull remains intact but the brain is damaged
Closed-head injury
Type of head injury where the Skull is penetrated by an object.
Open-head injury
Measures changes in hemoglobin concentration using near-infrared light.
(Applications)
1.Portable and suitable for studying infants and the elderly
2.Researching social and cognitive development
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Combines genetics and light to control specific neurons.
(Applications)
1.Researching precise brain circuits
2.Animal models of neurological diseases
Optogenetics
These approaches link cognitive processes to brain function.
Behavioral and Computational Approaches
Examine the effects of drugs on cognitio and behavior.
(Applications)
1.Understanding drug mechanisms in psychiatric disorders
2.Researching cognition-enhancing drugs
Pharmacological Studies
Study patients with brain damage to identity critical brain regions.
(Applications)
1.Understanding language (e.g., Broca's and Wernicke's areas)
2.Research on memory déficits in amnesia.
Lesion Studies
These techniques focus on studying neurotransmitter systems and brain biochemistry.
Neurochemical Techniques
Stimulates weak electrical currents to modulate brain activity.
(Applications)
1.Enhancing learning and memory
2.Experimental therapy for neurologica conditions
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Uses magnetic pulses to induce or disrupt neural activity in specific brain regions. (Applications)
1.Treating depression and migraines.
2.Studying the motor cortex and cognitive control
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
These methods manipulate brain activity to study its effects on behavior and cognition.
Brain Stimulation Techniques
are time-locked EEG responses to specific stimuli, such as sounds or images. (Applications) Investigating attention, memory. and decision-making
Event-Related Potentials
Measures magnetic fields generated by neural activity. (Application) Research on sensory processing, language, and brain disorders
Magnetoencephalography
are essential for understanding how the brain gives rise to mental processes such as perception, memory, language, emotion, and decision-making. Because the brain cannot be observed directly while thinking.
Cognitive neuroscience technique
Philosophers like Rene Descartes and Plato argued that knowledge is inherited and shaped by logic and reasoning. They proposed that some concepts (e.g., mathematical truths) are innate, passed down through heredity
Rationalist
Aristotle emphasized the role
of___________, suggesting that knowledge is derived from observation and experience. For example, we learn that fire is hot by touching it, not by reasoning alone
empirical evidence
proposed the idea of the blank slate (tabula rasa). arguing that humans are born without innate knowledge, and experiences shape who we become.
John Locke
arguing that humans are born without innate knowledge, and experiences shape who we become.
Tabula rasa
Thinkers like Aristotle and John Locke believed that experiences and observations form the foundation of knowledge
Empiricists
Detects electrical activity from the brain via electrodes on the scalp. Uses to studying sleep cycles and epilepsy.
Electroencephalography