Topic 3 SLA
these are the influencing factors that determine how successfully a person acquires a second language or l2. this include cognitive social affective and environmental elements that either facilitate or hinder learning
the causative variables
what are the four main causative variables in sla
each of these factors interacts to produce different turning outcomes among individuals
language teaching
exposure
age
acculturation
language teaching can help but it always in the same way or for everyone. it's success depends on the _ , _, and _
methods used
learner motivation
context of learning
when language teaching help or not
the input is meaningful and comprehensible
the instruction focuses on communication not just memorization of rules
learners are motivated and emotionally engagedlearners are motivated and emotionally engaged
teachers provide feedback and correction in a supportive way
the environment encourages interaction and practice communication
teaching helps
does language teaching does help or not
a communicative classroom where students use english enroll place discussions and real life tasks helps learners develop fluency faster
language teaching helps
when language teaching does help or not
the focus is on wrote learning or grammar drills only
the teacher dominates and students remain passive
learners receive the comprehensible input or interaction
there is anxiety or fear of mistakes
does not help
teaching helps or does not help
a student who memorizes grammar rules but never uses them in real conversation will not achieve fluency despite years of instruction
language teaching does not help
it refers to the amount and quality of contact the learner has with the target language in natural settings
exposure variables
what are the two types of exposure
informal and formal
what type of exposure
structured learning in classrooms or language schools
english classes or a grammar lessons
formal exposure
what type of exposure
real life contact with native or fluent speakers
watching movies talking with peers and reading english online
informal exposure
more exposure = more _
learning opportunities
however quality matters more than _ hearing the language often but not understanding it does not currently progress. learners need _ that is slightly above the current level but still understandable (_,_)
quantity
comprehensible input
Krashen 1982
students who use english daily for chatting reading or social media improve _ then those who only memorize vocabulary lists
faster
it plays a major role in second language learning
age as a causative variable
age is a causative variable
have higher neurological flexibility, brains easily adapt to new sounds and patterns
can acquire native like pronunciation more easily
learn through play and imitation
are less self conscious and more willing to make mistakes
younger learners (children)
age is a causative variable
learn faster at the beginning because of cognitive maturity
can understand grammar explanations and rules better
have motivation in learning strategies that support long term learning
however they may find pronunciation or accent harder to master
older learners (adolescence and adults)
age influences how learners acquire language but it does not limit their ability to become proficient. _&_ can outweigh age differences .
motivation and exposure
it refers to the process of adopting to the cultural of the target language community. it includes learning cultural norms values gestures and social rules that affect how people use that language.
acculturation
according to him language learning success depends on the learners level of social and psychological integration into the target community
schumann 1978
what level of acculturation
interacts frequently adopts customs accepts cultural values
fluent and natural language use
high acculturation
what level of acculturation
isolated anxious avoids using language socially
limited proficiency and confidence
low acculturation
what example of it is filipino students studying in the us who joins clubs talks to locals and matches english tv will likely become fluent faster than one who only interacts with fellow filipinos
acculturation
key insight of this causative variable
cultural adaptation and emotional openness are as important as grammar and vocabulary and achieving fluency
acculturation