7.3 APUSH
Why did Napolean’s conquests in Europe affect American merchants?
He cut off European commerce with Britain and seized American ships that stopped in British ports.
How did Britain respond to American shipping?
Implemented a naval blockade, seized American vessels with sugar and molasses, and impressed nearly 8,000 sailors into the British navy.
What was impressment?
Capturing sailors (including U.S. citizens) and forcing them to serve on British ships.
What happened in the Chesapeake incident?
A British warship attacked the U.S. Navy vessel Chesapeake.
What was the Embargo Act of 1807?
Prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports to pressure Britain and France, aiming for peaceful coercion.
What were the effects of the Embargo Act?
Severely damaged the U.S. economy—cut GDP by 5% ($108 million to $22 million) and caused hardship for merchants.
Who succeeded Jefferson in 1808?
James Madison, his ally and heir, architect of the Bill of Rights, and prominent congressman.
What replaced the Embargo Act, and did it succeed?
The Non-Intercourse Act of 1807, which restored some trade but failed to effectively pressure Britain and France.
Why did western Republicans have grievances with Britain?
Trade with Native Americans along the Ohio River violated the Treaty of Paris and Jay’s Treaty.
Who was Tecumseh and what was his goal?
Shawnee war chief who revived the Western Confederacy; aimed to unite Native Americans, resist U.S. expansion, renounce alcohol, and return to traditional ways.
What was the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)?
U.S. forces led by William Henry Harrison attacked Shawnee Prophetstown while Tecumseh was away, traded heavy casualties, and destroyed the village.
Who was Tenskwatawa?
Tecumseh’s brother, known as the Prophet, promoted a nativist ideology and religious revival among Native Americans.
How did Napolean’s European conquests affect American shipping?
He cut off commerce with Britain and seized American ships stopping in British ports.
How did Britain respond to American shipping and sailors?
Naval blockade, seizure of vessels carrying sugar/molasses, and impressment of nearly 8,000 sailors.
What is impressment?
Capturing sailors and forcing them to serve on British ships.
What was the Chesapeake incident?
A British warship attacked the U.S. Navy vessel Chesapeake.
What was the Embargo Act of 1807 and its effect?
Prohibited U.S. ships from going to foreign ports; hurt the economy, cutting GDP by 5% ($108M → $22M).
Who replaced Jefferson in 1808, and why was he significant?
James Madison, Jefferson’s ally, architect of the Bill of Rights, and prominent congressman.
What replaced the Embargo Act and did it succeed?
Non-Intercourse Act (1807); restored some trade but failed to pressure Britain and France.
Who revived the Western Confederacy, and what was its purpose?
Shawnee chief Tecumseh; to unite Native Americans, resist U.S. expansion, and restore traditional ways.
What happened at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)?
U.S. forces led by William Henry Harrison attacked Prophetstown while Tecumseh was away, destroying the village.
Who were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun?
Influential congressmen who pushed Madison toward war to seize British Canada and Spanish Florida.
Why did the U.S. declare war in 1812?
Britain violated U.S. commercial rights as a neutral nation; also western expansionist desires.
What were early U.S. setbacks in the War of 1812?
Failed invasion of Canada, British disrupted commerce, burned Washington D.C., limited support from Federalists.
What were U.S. successes during the war?
Defeated British flotilla in the West, William Henry Harrison defeated British/Natives at the Battle of the Thames, killing Tecumseh; Andrew Jackson defeated Creek Natives at Horseshoe Bend, gaining 23M acres of land.
How did political divisions affect the war?
Federalists blocked state militias, refused funds, opposed tariffs, and national conscription, limiting U.S. war efforts.
Why did Britain seek peace?
Exhausted from 20 years of war with France, high costs, and energy drain.
How did the War of 1812 affect American politics?
Started a new phase of Republican political dominance and encouraged some Federalist-like ideas (the “American System”).
What was the “American System”?
Policies promoting federal power and economic development, including roads, canals, and national infrastructure.
What happened to the Federalist Party after the War of 1812?
It collapsed; by 1818, Republicans dominated, ending the First Party System.
Who was John Marshall, and why was he important?
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801–1835); strengthened the Court, federal power, and property rights.
What were Marshall’s key principles?
1. Judicial authority (Court can overrule state laws)
2. Supremacy of national laws over state laws
3. Protection of property rights and contracts
What was the significance of Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
Established judicial review; Court can declare laws unconstitutional.
What did Fletcher v. Peck (1810) and Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) do?
Protected property rights and contracts from state interference.
What did McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) establish
Federal power over states; states cannot tax federal institutions; confirmed constitutionality of the national bank.
What was decided in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)?
Only the federal government controls interstate commerce; states cannot grant conflicting monopolies.
Why did Marshall emphasize protecting property and contracts?
To prevent the “tyranny of the majority” and maintain economic stability.
Who was John Quincy Adams in Monroe’s presidency?
Key diplomat; negotiated Adams–Onís Treaty and helped shape the Monroe Doctrine.
What was the Adams–Onís Treaty (1819)?
Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the border to the Pacific.
What was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?
Warned European nations not to interfere in the Americas; U.S. would not interfere in Europe; started U.S. leadership in the Western Hemisphere.
What was the “Era of Good Feelings”?
Period of political unity under Monroe after Federalist decline; tensions still grew, leading to the Second Party System (Democrats vs. Whigs).