chapter 2
Any immediate consequence that follows a behavior & decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated
punishment
All the DNA that an organism possesses
Genome
The view that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Holism
when a gene sequence is made in active and is prevented from being translated Into gene products - proteins for the most part
Gene silencing
study of the gene regulation patterns that alter gene function (phenotype) without changing gene structure (genotype)
Epigenetics
view that genetically inherited cognitive/social traits have evolved through natural selection
EVolutionary psychology
Changing a scheme as a result of some new Info
Accomodation
consequence that follows a behavior & increases liklihood that behavior will be repeated
Reinforcement
Internal factors or conditions that initiate, direct, or sustain behavior
Motives
Theories that emphasize mental processes in development (Logic)
Cognitive theories
observable characteristics
phenotype
Belief in ones capacity to cause an intended event to occur /perform task
self efficiency
organic compounds (amino acids) that perform life functions & make up the majority of Cellular structures
Proteins
Theoretical perspectives that use the computer as a model to explain how the mind manages Info
Info processing theory
Genes that direct the production of proteins
Protein - coding genes
Emphasizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved through natural selection
Ethology
View that personal factors & external factors form a dynamic integrated system
Systems Approach
Freuds term for the part of the Personality that is the moral judge
superego
View that divides development in terms of behavior changes caused by environmental influences
Behaviourism
when a gene sequence is activated and ready to be translated into proteins
Gene expression
Internal drive for physical pleasure, Freud believed this was the motivating force behind Most behavior
Libido
strategies for reducing anxiety, denial, projection, proposed by freud
Defence mechanisms
Pattern of inheritance affected both by genes and by the environment
Multifactorial Inheritance
The view that genetically inherited cognitive / social characteristics that promote survival & adaption appear at different times across the lifespan
Evolutionary developmental psychology
Pattern of inheritance in which a Cells mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother's egg & not the father's sperm
Mitochondrial Inheritance
A pattern of Inheritance in which a single dominant gene influences a persons phenotype but 2 recessive genes are necessary to produce an associated trait
Dominant recessive pattern
Study of the human genome, including location of genes, their function, and their role in human physical & mental health
Human genomics
Gradual elimination of a behavior through repeated non reinforcement
Extinction
the process of fufilling ones unique personal potential
Self actualization
In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that comprises a person's basic sexual & aggressive impulses; it contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain
The Id
Strings of genetic material in the nuclei of Cells
Chromosomes
Freud's five stages of personality development throu which children move in a fixed sequence determined by maturation; the libido is cantered on a different body part in each stage
Psychosexual stages
Erikson's 8 stages, or crises, of personality development in which inner insticts interact with outer Cultural & Social demands to shape personality
psychosocial stages
study of the human epigenome, including the location of all acquired & inherited epigenetic markers, their function, their role in human physical/mental health
Human Epigenomics
signifies tasks that are too hard for a child to do alone but that can be managed with guidance
Zone of proximal development
using schemes to make sense of events or experiments
Assimilation
Learning that results from the association of stimuli
Classical conditioning
Approach that uses info- processing principles to explain the developmental stages identified by piaget
Neo-piagetian theory
Need for a person to have a sense of Value & acceptance based on their experience of respect and admiration from others and their percieved Self confidence & self worth
Esteem need
Learning that results from seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behavior
observational learning or modelling
A chemical material that makes up chromosomes & genes
DNA
when learning new cognitive skills is guided by someone who is more skilled
Scaffolding
The thinking element of personality (Freud)
Ego
pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a trait
Polygenic Inheritance
Reinforcement of intermediate Steps until an individual learns a complex behavior
Shaping
in piagets theory, an Internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to follow in a specific circumstance
scheme
process of human development based on the interaction of personal, benavioural, & environmental factors
Reciprocal determinism
Study of how the environment & personal behavior can cause epigenetic changes that affect gene expression, resulting in changes to behavior & psychological processes over the course of a life/generations
Behavioral Epigenetics
measure of optimal holistic health
wellness
Theories that assert that development results from an accumulation of experiences
Learning theories
An individual's unique genetic blue print
Genotype
learning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consequences
operant conditioning
theories proposing that developmental changes happens because of the influence of internal drives & emotions on behavior
psychoanalytic theories
the prenate's ability to use info about the environment to adjust its psychology in anticipation that it will match its future environmental conditions & optimize the chances to survive/reproduce in adulthood
Predictive - adaptive responses
Vygotsky's View that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than in an individuals private explorations
Sociocultural theory
Inheritable & acquired gene regulation patterns that alter gene function (phenotype) without changing gene structure (genotype)
Epigenetic factors
Balancing assimilation & accomodation to create schemes that fit the environment
Equalibrium
study of the role of heredity in individual differences
Behavior genetics
Brofenbrenners theory explaining development in terms of the relationships among individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts
Bioecological systems theory
Complex chemical units of a chromosome that control or influence inherited traits
Genes
sum of total inherited & acquired molecular modifications to the genome that leads to changes in gene regulation without changing the DNA sequence of the genome
Epigenome