Bio 11: Bacteria & Kingdoms
taxology?
classification of living things, how the animals are grouped,
Homo sapiens
1st word: genous 2d: species
domain:
either Prokaryota or Eukaryota
taxon
a taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class.
or cluster of group of animals
genotypes, phenotypes
genes, physical traits
homologous structures
Homologous structures share a common evolutionary ancestor, similar anatomy, and a shared developmental origin, though they may have different functions (e.g., bat and bird wings)
Analogous structures
Analogous structures serve similar functions but evolved independently in different lineages and have different anatomical structures
how to remember the classifications? KPCOFGS
Kinky People Come Over For Group Sex
domain is defined by...
a true nucleus
cell wall
both types of bacteria (archea and eubacteria) which are both part of the Monera catagory,
rigid, mesh-like structures primarily composed of peptidoglycan, which provide structural integrity, maintain cell shape, and protect against osmotic lysis
Cell Membrane
a selectively permeable lipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm, separating it from the external environment.
Cytoplasm
no membrane bound organellles, outer coverings called Capsules and Pili which help adhere to host
Nucleoid region
membrane-bound region containing the cell's genetic material, which is organized as a single, circular, supercoiled chromosome
Ribosomes
site for protein synthesis
movement by...
flagella- whip/hair like made o protien or slime wave like contractions
some bacteria are...
photosynthetic
bacteria are...
prokaryotic cells; kingdom monera, single celled, umbiquitous
autotrophs?
Photoautotrophs (use light, like cyanobacteria).
Chemoautotrophs (use chemicals like sulfur).
heterotrophs
Saprotrophs (decomposers).
Parasites (feed off hosts).
Obligate Aerobes
need O₂.
Obligate Anaerobes:
killed by O₂.
Facultative Anaerobes:
can live with or without O₂.
Asexual:
Binary Fission → cell copies DNA, splits in half (very fast, ~20 min in some bacteria).
Genetic Variation (not true sexual reproduction but gene exchange):
Conjugation: transfer of plasmid DNA through a pilus.
Transformation: bacteria take up DNA from environment.
Transduction: viruses transfer DNA between bacteria.
Endospores
Thick protective structures formed in harsh conditions (heat, dryness, radiation, chemicals).
Can remain dormant for years until conditions improve.
Anaerobe-
Anaerobic cell respiration and hydrogen, sulphur or iron produces energy. Anaerobe- do not require oxygen to produce energy.
Aerobe-
need oxygen to produce energy. Aerobic cell respiration and oxygen produces energy.
shape: coccus?
spherical
shape: bacillus
rods
shape: spirillum
spiral
Groups: chains
strepto
Group: grapes
staphylo
Pili
hair-like surface structures made of protein subunits (pilins) that perform functions like adhesion, twitching motility, biofilm formation, and DNA transfer (conjugation)
Archea types: Halophiles
salt loving, dead sea and great salt lake; extreme
Archea type: methanogens
only in anerobic environments, H2+CO2-> CH4
Archea type: thermoacidophiles
acidic and extreme temperature environments (volcano vents)