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classificwtion

what does phylogeny show

how closey related species are

hierarchy

small groups areanged within larger groups but no overlap between groups

what is fhe names used to name

Genus species

what is good with binominal system

it is universal and shows how closley relwted species are because different species of same genus more closey related

changes in classification symtpoms (dna base sequnce )

dna base sequmce of orgnaism for commom genes can be compared to see how closey relwted prganisms aremore closley relsred mire similairit in base seuwmce

carl woerse

intorduced an extra domain. archae, bacteria and eukaryota they are split accordimv to types of rna ribsosomes
archae and bactera make up prokaryotes

eukarya make up 4 mindoms

what is prokaryote solit imto

eubacteriw and archaebacteria

how many kindoms are there

animalie, plantae protocista and fungi whereas prokaryotse split imto 2

what do fossil records provide

evidence of hos species have chnaged over time and how soecies have evolved

cytochrome c

protein foudn in mitochondria which large number of species hsve. fhis is often the protein that is compard

why do prganisms from dofferent taxomic hroips have simikair anatomical adaptioms

covergent evolutiom whem different species wre exposed to similiar selection pressures

natural slection process

1) random mutatiom
2) this intorduces genetic variatiom to the populatiom

3) the new allele probides a reproductive selective advanteg so this indivual kore likelg to reproduce wmd pass rhe allel onto offpsrimg

4) ober mnay generwrions, rhere will be an indrease in rhe frequency of rhis allele within thw popuwltiom

automosal linkage

occur on ssme chromeome so no idendpeemt assortment unless crossimg over occurs

how to remember kindoms

decide,king,prawn,curry,fst,grewsy, susage

prokwryotes

no membrwne bound
cell wwll

hetertrophic, wutotrophic, saprwtorphic

protositcs

membrane bound, cell wall, hetero, auto
uni or multi

fungi

membrwne bound
chitin cell wall

hetero and saprwtorphic

multicelluwr or uni

many nuclei

plsnts

membrane bound,
chloroplwst

cellulose cell wall

wutorophic

multiceullwr

animalia

have membersne bound
no cell wall

herwrophic

multicellular

how can we look at how closley related

compare amino acid sewucne like cytochome c

covergent

organims that are nor clowly relwtd have similairnfetaires

ahat is stablsimf selection

rhe mean phenotype is selected for and the extreme phenotype selected against
as a result, there will be an increase in the allele frequemcy of the mean as the allele is selected for so more liekly to surgive and pass on allele lewdimg to elimnation of extreme phenotype

directional

result of subject to a new selection pressures which leads to
one extreme is favoured for and the other extreme favoured agisnt resulting in the eleiminswtiojnpf the estreme faboured against

disruptive

both extremes are fsvoured

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