classificwtion
what does phylogeny show
how closey related species are
hierarchy
small groups areanged within larger groups but no overlap between groups
what is fhe names used to name
Genus species
what is good with binominal system
it is universal and shows how closley relwted species are because different species of same genus more closey related
changes in classification symtpoms (dna base sequnce )
dna base sequmce of orgnaism for commom genes can be compared to see how closey relwted prganisms aremore closley relsred mire similairit in base seuwmce
carl woerse
intorduced an extra domain. archae, bacteria and eukaryota they are split accordimv to types of rna ribsosomes
archae and bactera make up prokaryotes
eukarya make up 4 mindoms
what is prokaryote solit imto
eubacteriw and archaebacteria
how many kindoms are there
animalie, plantae protocista and fungi whereas prokaryotse split imto 2
what do fossil records provide
evidence of hos species have chnaged over time and how soecies have evolved
cytochrome c
protein foudn in mitochondria which large number of species hsve. fhis is often the protein that is compard
why do prganisms from dofferent taxomic hroips have simikair anatomical adaptioms
covergent evolutiom whem different species wre exposed to similiar selection pressures
natural slection process
1) random mutatiom
2) this intorduces genetic variatiom to the populatiom
3) the new allele probides a reproductive selective advanteg so this indivual kore likelg to reproduce wmd pass rhe allel onto offpsrimg
4) ober mnay generwrions, rhere will be an indrease in rhe frequency of rhis allele within thw popuwltiom
automosal linkage
occur on ssme chromeome so no idendpeemt assortment unless crossimg over occurs
how to remember kindoms
decide,king,prawn,curry,fst,grewsy, susage
prokwryotes
no membrwne bound
cell wwll
hetertrophic, wutotrophic, saprwtorphic
protositcs
membrane bound, cell wall, hetero, auto
uni or multi
fungi
membrwne bound
chitin cell wall
hetero and saprwtorphic
multicelluwr or uni
many nuclei
plsnts
membrane bound,
chloroplwst
cellulose cell wall
wutorophic
multiceullwr
animalia
have membersne bound
no cell wall
herwrophic
multicellular
how can we look at how closley related
compare amino acid sewucne like cytochome c
covergent
organims that are nor clowly relwtd have similairnfetaires
ahat is stablsimf selection
rhe mean phenotype is selected for and the extreme phenotype selected against
as a result, there will be an increase in the allele frequemcy of the mean as the allele is selected for so more liekly to surgive and pass on allele lewdimg to elimnation of extreme phenotype
directional
result of subject to a new selection pressures which leads to
one extreme is favoured for and the other extreme favoured agisnt resulting in the eleiminswtiojnpf the estreme faboured against
disruptive
both extremes are fsvoured