PY2505.4 ~ {Early Social Development + Theory of Mind}
DeCasper & Fifer (1980) ~ preference to mothers voice
working with newborn infants; using a preferential sucking paradigm. so infants were trained that if the sucked on thr dummy at a particularly high rate then they'd hear their ohers voice, results showed a real preference for a very socially salient stimulus
Vouloumanos et al., (2010) [voices]
found that newborns prreferred the sound of human speech over synthetic noise, however they don't differentiate between human speech and non-primate [monkey] calls
why can't babies differentiate between mothers voice and nonprimate calls
mothers voice is so socially salient [they would've heard it in the womb as well]
Vouloumanos et al., (2010) [looking]
3 month olds + preferential looking paradigm
results showed that they preferred to look in a direction. that would allow them to hear human voices as opposed to non-human calls
visual acuity
vision from birth is quite fuzzy + blurry they can only typically see objects clearly that 8-12 inches away [but as their brain's develop their vision improves]
Johnson et al., (1991)
measured visual tracking of face-like stimuli within one hour of birth, lay baby on lap and see how far they would turn their head / eyes to follow face like stimuli within the enviro
Johnson et al., (1991) [results]
had 3 stimuli, one wooden spoon with a face, one with nothing and one with disoriented facial features. results showed there was a preference for face like stimuli over the other 2 wooden spoons
Farroni et al., 2002 [newborns]
newborns were shown pictures of direct gaze and averted gaze results showed they spent longer looking at direct gaze and looked more often at this than the averted gaze
Farroni et al., 2002 [4 month olds]
using EEG to measure brain activity and infants were shown the direct / averted gaze pictures and found greater activity for direct gaze
Meltzoff, A.N> & Moore, M.K. (1977)
young infants 12-21 days old and they looked at whether these infants would imitate really simple orafacial gestures, found that babies as oung as 42 minutes can start producing this gesture [sometimes delayed]
active inter-modal mapping model
when the infant sees the action, [someone sticking their tongue out repeatedly] that is visual input, and as they try to reproduce the action they're getting feedback from their muscles
mirror neurons
neurons that would fire when the non-human primates [monkey] would see an action but it would also fire when the monkey produced the action itself [theres evidence that with humans theres a similar sort of mechanism]
Meltzoff & Moore (1992)
pilot study, this info was found on accident: 6 week old infants would be interacting with 2 adults [one at a time], first adult does mouth opening gesture then adult 2 would stick out their tongue
socio-emotional reciprocity
a fancy way of saying developing that sense of 'like me' between you and another person [sense of sameness + we're in it together] adults engange in unconscious mimicry
Meltzoff, 2007 [imitation]
14 month olds prefer an adult who imitates them to an adult who does not , infants looks and smiles more towards them
joint attention
an inherently social interaction because its triadic, so it involves ou, someone else + another object within the enviro, sharing jointness of attention towards an object + coordination of attention with a social partner [mutual focus]
dyadic interactions
face to face interaction between 2 people, when someone shifts their gaze, its a really strong cue for adults
Posner Attentional Cueing tasks
first pic = face with eyes closed, second pic = eyes open + direct gaze, third pic = eyes open + averted gaze
congruent trial - target appears on the side that eyes point to and incongruent appears on opposite side
Hood et al. (1998) - posner cueing task
3 month olds detect the target faster in congruent trials which suggest that they shift their attention based on the direction of another's gaze
importance of the eyes Brooks & Meltzoff (2005)
used real people not videos with 2 condtions eyes open / closed and person would turn their head. 9 months looked to target equally for eyes open + closed but with 10-11 months they looked at the target way less when eyes were closed
Meltzoff & Brooks (2008): 12 month olds
group 1 - played with blindfold + group 2 - experienced effect of blindfold + group 3 - experienced blindfold with window
after training phase there was gaze following test [adult looks to right/left]
Meltzoff & Brooks (2008): 12 month olds [results]
for baseline + window condtion children turned to look at target but in blindfold conition children did not this suggests that children can apply their own experience to others
Meltzoff & Brooks (2008): 18 month olds
group 1 - played with blindfold + group 2 - experienced effect of blindfold + group 3 - experienced trick-blindfold [seethrough] after training followed by gaze following test
Meltzoff & Brooks (2008): 18 month olds [results]
children looked significantly more in the trick-blindfold condition so having that first hand experience changed how they interpret someone's behaviour
joint attention development
dyadic interaction + mutual gaze + face to face [3-6 months - interest in objects, turn taking]
[6-10 months - respond to joint attention behaviours of ithers gaze + pointing behaviours] children can follow eye gaze / head turn
[10-14 - respond to joint attention + initiate pointing + gaze checking