CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL, CULTURAL, AND LEGAL/ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
In which country were the FIRST SYSTEMATIC TESTS developed as early as 2200 B.C.E. to SELECT PEOPLE for GOVERNMENT JOBS?
China
What was the purpose of the FIRST SYSTEMATIC TESTS developed in ancient CHINA?
To select people for government jobs
The DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMATIC TESTS in ancient CHINA dates back to which year?
2200 B.C.E.
The equivalent of this test nowadays was Civil Service Examination in the philippines
Antiquity to the nineteenth century (first systematic test)
What is required for those who want to enter government service in the Philippines?
Civil Service Exam
What happens if you do not pass the Civil Service Exam but your license is equivalent to passing the Civil Service Examination?
You may only qualify for a contract of service
Which academic achievement can be equivalent to passing the Civil Service Exam for government eligibility?
Latin Honors (Cum Laude, Magna Cum Laude, Summa Cum Laude)
What skills were measured by the civil service examination in ancient China?
Music, Archery, Horsemanship, Writing, and Arithmetic
What subjects were considered important for government service in ancient China?
Agriculture, Geography, Revenue, Civil Law, and Military Strategy
In the modern intellectual era, which skills are becoming important for workers?
Adaptation to Modern Technology, Math Skills
Who devised a NUMBER of MEASURES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES and DEVELOPED INSTRUMENTS to measure DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTS?
Francis Galton
Can all psychological constructs or variables be measured?
True
Who started the FIRST EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LABORATORY in Germany and focused on objective measures such as REACTION TIME, PERCEPTION and ATTENTION SPAN?
Wilhelm Wundt
What is described as a measure that quantifies EXACT AMOUNTS rather than subjective judgments?
Objective measure
Who was responsible for launching mental testing studies and coined the term "MENTAL TEST" in its modern form?
James McKeen Cattell
What term was FIRST coined by JAMES MCKEEN CATTELL to describe what is now known as IQ TESTS or INTELLIGENCE TESTS
Mental test
Who collaborated with Alfred Binet on papers suggesting how mental tests could MEASURE HIGHER MENTAL PROCESSES?
Victor Henri
Who was an early experimenter using the WORD ASSOCIATION TECHNIQUE as a FORMAL TEST?
Emil Kraepelin
What technique involves being given a word and asked to think of another word associated with it?
Word Association Test
Who is known as the "LITTLE-KNOWN FOUNDER of CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY"?
Lightmer Witmer
Who si widely known for his CONTRIBUTION TO MEASURING INTELLIGENCE and collaborated with Victor Henri and Theodore Simon?
Alfred Binet
Who collaborated with Alfred Binet on the MASUREMENT OF INTELLECTUAL abilities such as memory and social comprehension?
Victor Henri
Who developed the 30 ITEM "MEASURING SCALE OF INTELLIGENCE" with Alfred Binet?
Theodore Simon
What is the name of the intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon?
30-item "Measuring Scale of Intelligence"
Who originated the concept of TEST RELIABILITY and developed framework for factor analysis?
Charles Spearman
What concept did CHARLES SPEARMAN contribute to the field of STATISTICS AND INTELLIGENCE TESTING?
Test Reliability
Whi developed the STANDFORD-BINET TEST and POPULARIZED concept of IQ?
Lewis Terman
Who created the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale (CIIS)?
Psych Cattell daughter of James Mckeen Cattell
Who developed the first personality test called the "PERSONAL DATA SHEET"?
Robert S. Woodworth
What was the bame of the FIRST PERSONALITY TEST developed by ROBERT S. WOODWORTH to measure ADJUSTMENT AND EMOTIONSL STABILITY?
Personal Data Sheet
What was the PERSONAL DATA SHEET later called AFTER THE WAR, becoming the first widely USED SELF-REPORT TEST of PERSONALITY?
Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory
Who was the Swiss psychiatrist fascinated by PROJECTIVE MEASURES of PERSONALITY?
Hermann Rorschach
Who published the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in 1935?
Henry Murray
In what year was the university of the philippines department of psychology established?
1926
Which university established the FIRST DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY in the 1930s?
University of Santo Tomas
Who organized the PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC at the University of the Philippines in 1932?
Sinforoso Padilla
Who established the EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LABORATORY at the University of Santo Tomas in 1938?
Angel de Blas, OP
Who established the INSTITUTE OF HUMAN RELATIONS at the Philippine Women's University in 1948?
Estefania Aldaba-Lim
Who established the psychology department at Ateneo de Manila University in 1961?
Fr. Jaime Bulatao
What corporation was founded in 1962 and is the MAIN RETAILER of PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES?
Philippine Psychological Corporation
What is the MAIN SOURCE and DISTRIBUTOR of PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS for schools, industries, and clinics in the Philippines?
Philippine Psychological Corporation
When was the Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) founded?
1962
Where is the ANNUAL CONVENTION of the Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) held?
Baguio City
Who founded "Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino" in 1975?
Virgilio Enriquez
In 1982, what action did the PAP take to ensure quality controk in the practice of psychology?
Introduced a bill requiring licensed psycholigists
Who was named an OUTSTANDING YOUNG SCIENCTIST by the NAST in 1985 for her work in population, INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY, and social development?
Amaryllis T. Torres
What role did psychologists play after the EDSA Revolution in 1986?
They contributed to the Moral Recovery Program
Whose book, "FILIPINO CHILDREN UNDER STRESS". was published 1987 recognized by the CATHOLIC MASS MEDIA AWARDS?
Ma. Lourdes Arellano-Carandang
Who was named NATIONAL SCIENTIST by President Corzaon Aquino in 1988?
Alfredo V. Lagmay
What is CULTURE in the context of ASSESSMENT?
Socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work
What has become a growing concern for professionals in the field of psychological assessment?
Cultural sensitivity in test development use
Who conducted EARLY PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING of IMMIGRANT POPULATIONS that was considered CONTROVERSIAL?
Henry Goddard
What term did HENDY GODDARD USE TO DESCRIBE the MAJORITY of IMMIGRANT POPULATIONS based on this tests?
Feeble-minded
What was a major issue with Goddard's findings on immigrant populations?
The translated Standford-Binet Intelligence test overestimated mental deficiency
What debate did Goddard's research spark regarding IQ results?
Nature vs. Nurture: native ability or acquired knowledge
What clarification was made by developers of IQ tests in the 1930s and 1940s regarding the tests' intent?
They were designed for specific cultures, not minorities
What key issues arose when IQ tests were administered to individuals from different cultures?
Verbal and non-verbal communication differences
What precaution do modern developers of intelligence tests take?
Taking precautions against bias
What was one reason immigrants scored lower on the Stanford-Binet tests?
They did not understand the English language used in the test
What is one challenge when translating psychological tests into a local language?
Some meaning and nuance may be lost in translation
Why might interpreters affect the accuracy of psychological test translations?
They may not be familiar with mental health issues
Why should assessments consider the language proficiency of the test taker?
To ensure the test taker understands the required language level
How can judgments related to psychological traits be culturally relative?
They depend on the cultural standards for evaluation
What is a key difference between collectivist and individualist cultures?
Collectivist cultures value conformity and cooperation, while individualist cultures value independence and autonomy
Why should psychological evaluations be culturally sensitive?
Cultures have different values and norms, which should be considered during evaluation
What are key traits valued in INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES?
Autonomy, independence, and uniqueness
Why is it important for psychological evaluations to be gender-sensitive?
Different cultures have varying views on gender roles, which should be considered in evaluations
What is an important consideration in VOCATIONAL ASSESSMENT?
Sensitivity to legal and ethical mandates related to hiring and firing decisions
Why could conflicts arise when using tests for job performance criteria?
Disagreements about the criteria for performing a particular job
What is the goal of initiatives like affirmative action in testing?
To "level the playing field"
What is the primary focus of legal considerations?
Rules that individuals must obey for the good of society as a whole
How do laws differ from ethics?
Laws are rules that must be followed, while ethics are principles of right and proper conduct
Which of the following is an example of a well-known ethical principle subscribed to by seafarers?
"Women and children leave first in an emergency"
What is the primary focus of ethics?
Principles of right, proper, or good conduct
What is the purpose of a code of ethics in a profession?
To ensure that professionals provide the care that clients deserve
What is a code of professional ethics?
A set of standards defining the care expected from members of a profession
When did PUBLIC CONCERNS about PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING INCREASE significantly?
After World War I when tests used for military purposes were adapted for schools and industry
What event in 1957 led to an increase in testing of abilities and aptitudes in schools?
The launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union
What was one result of the increased use of ability and personality testing in the mid-20th century?
Renewed public concern about the ethical implications of testing
In recent decades, what has the government emphasized regarding assessment instruments?
Ensuring that instruments are not biased towards any particular group
What article in 1969 contributed to public concern about GENETIC FACTORS and intelligence testing?
Arthur Jensen's article in the Harvard Educational Review
What did ARTHUR JENSEN suggest in his 1969 article?
Genetic factors are strongly implicated in the average intelligence difference between races
What was a major consequence of Jensen's work?
Renewed public concern over the nature vs. nurture debate
What does the AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT of 1990 mandate regarding employment testing materials?
They must be essential to the job and not discriminate against persons with handicaps
What does the CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 (amended in 1991) prohibit regarding employment-related tests?
It is unlawful to adjust scores or use different cutoff scores based on race, religion, sex, or national origin
What does the FAMILY EDUCATION RIGHTS AND REPUBLIC ACT (1974) ensure for parents and eligible students?
Access to school records and the right to challenge findings through a hearing
What does the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) mandate regarding children with suspected disabilities?
Screening and evaluation by a qualified professional team, with periodic reevaluation
What does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Amendments of 1997 require?
Provision of special education services and periodic reevaluation of children with disabilities
What was the primary goal of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001?
To close achievement gaps between minority and nonminority students and improve school accountability
Refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self monitoring thoughts or behavior. Methodologies have both advantages and disadvantages
Self-report