hl bio test pt. 2
Outline how translation depends on complementary base pairing.
translation converts a sequence of mRNA nucleotides to a sequence of amino acids/polypeptide/protein
Outline a technique used for gene transfer.
DNA can be added to the open plasmid where the sticky ends join gene and plasmid
Explain the process of translation in cells
translation is the conversion of base sequence on mRNA into an amino acid sequence
b. messenger/mRNA attaches to ribosome
c. many ribosomes bind to same mRNA
d. (mRNA) carries 3 bases each coding for one amino acid
e.tRNA each have specific anticodon; tRNA also carries specific amino acid
g. tRNA anticodon binds to codon in the mRNA to corresponding triplet base/codon by complementary base pairing
j. two amino acids bind together / peptide linkage is formed
m. another tRNA binds to next codon continues until stop codon is reached
o. stop codon has no corresponding tRNA/amino acid causes relase of poly peptide
Define mutation.
change in genetic makeup/DNA/nucleotide
Explain how evolution by natural selection depends on mutations.
some variations/mutations make individual more suited to its environment/way of life;
c. individuals that are better adapted survive and produce offspring;
d. individuals pass on genetic characteristics/mutation/variation to offspring;
State the type of reaction that removes water while linking amino acids together to form polypeptides.
Condensation reaction
Outline the causes of sickle cell anemia.
genetic disease/caused by a gene
OR
inherited «from parents»
OR
caused by mutation «of a gene»
OR
hemoglobin gene mutated
DNA has regions that do not code for proteins. State two functions of these regions
1. promoters (regulation of gene expression/transcription)
2. genes for tRNA/rRNA production
Suggest a way methylation may affect tumour cell genes.
DNA methylation may increase mitosis (cell division) leading to tumor formation