law
In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court held that speech creating a 'clear and present danger' may be restricted, particularly during which period?
During periods of national wartime
What was the key distinction made in Morse v. Frederick compared to Tinker v. Des Moines regarding student speech?
Morse allowed restriction of drug-promoting speech, unlike Tinker.
Obergefell v. Hodges held that same-sex marriage is protected under which two constitutional clauses?
Due Process and Equal Protection
The case Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College resulted in a major limitation on affirmative action by holding that what violated Equal Protection?
Race-based admissions programs
In Texas v. Johnson, the Supreme Court ruled that flag burning is a form of expression protected under the First Amendment as what?
Symbolic speech
In Reed v. Reed, the Supreme Court ruled that gender discrimination violates which constitutional provision?
The Equal Protection Clause
What is the 'Exclusionary Rule,' established in Mapp v. Ohio?
Illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in state courts.
United States v. Leon created a 'good faith exception' to the Exclusionary Rule, allowing evidence if police reasonably rely on what?
A defective warrant issued by a magistrate
Griswold v. Connecticut established an implied right to privacy, deriving it from 'penumbras' of which source?
Multiple amendments in the Bill of Rights
According to Brandenburg v. Ohio, speech can only be prohibited if it is intended to produce imminent lawless action AND what other condition is met?
It is likely to produce such action
Snyder v. Phelps established that speech on matters of public concern is protected even if deeply offensive. What kind of speech receives the highest protection?
Public concern speech
What is the primary difference between the Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment?
One forbids government religion, other protects religious practice.
Which standard for prohibiting speech replaced the 'clear and present danger' test from Schenck v. United States, offering stronger protection for speech?
The 'imminent lawless action' test
Which Supreme Court case established that school-sponsored prayer violates the Establishment Clause?
Engel v. Vitale
What did the Supreme Court rule in Gratz v. Bollinger regarding automatic racial point systems in university admissions?
They are unconstitutional because they are not narrowly tailored.
The 14th Amendment is crucial for Civil Rights and Equal Protection, providing what two key clauses?
Equal Protection and Due Process
In Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L., the Court ruled that off-campus speech receives stronger protection, especially when it does not cause what?
A substantial disruption to the school environment
What was the initial holding of Bowers v. Hardwick regarding sodomy laws, later overruled by Lawrence v. Texas?
There was no constitutional protection for sodomy.
Which legal standard for gender classifications was established by Craig v. Boren?
Intermediate scrutiny
Gideon v. Wainwright held that indigent defendants have a constitutional right to what?
The assistance of counsel
What voting practice was declared unconstitutional in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections?
Poll taxes
What was the holding in Plessy v. Ferguson that was later overturned for education in Brown v. Board of Education?
'Separate but equal' facilities are constitutional.
The Fourth Amendment protects against what primary governmental action?
Unreasonable searches and seizures
In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, what type of affirmative action was ruled unconstitutional, although race could still be one factor?
Racial quotas
The Supreme Court case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization ultimately resulted in what major change regarding abortion rights?
It ruled there is no constitutional right to abortion.
The First Amendment protects freedom of speech, press, and symbolic expression against what?
Government censorship and prior restraint
Which case established that attaching a GPS to a vehicle without a warrant violated the Fourth Amendment, moving beyond the physical trespass requirement?
United States v. Jones
Olmstead v. United States initially held that wiretaps without physical trespass were constitutional, establishing a very narrow, property-based view of what?
Privacy
Employment Division v. Smith significantly shifted Free Exercise Clause protections by holding that what type of laws are constitutional even if they burden religion?
Neutral laws of general applicability
What term refers to government censorship before publication, generally prohibited by the ruling in Near v. Minnesota?
Prior restraint
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan established that public officials suing for defamation must prove the statement was false and what else?
It was made with actual malice
In the context of Supreme Court opinions, what does a 'Dissent' refer to?
An opinion written by a justice disagreeing with the majority's decision.
Roe v. Wade established a constitutional right to abortion, using what framework that was later replaced by the 'undue burden' standard?
The 'trimester system'
What must police advise suspects of, according to the rule established in Miranda v. Arizona?
Their right to remain silent and to an attorney
Under the rule established in Carroll v. United States, why may police search cars without warrants if probable cause exists?
Cars are mobile and can quickly be moved.
What does a 'Concurrence' refer to in Supreme Court opinions?
An opinion written by a justice agreeing with the majority's outcome but for different legal reasoning.
What was the holding in Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. regarding religious liberty claims?
Closely held corporations may assert religious liberty claims.
Under the Sherbert v. Verner ruling, what legal standard applies when the government substantially burdens an individual's religious practice?
Strict scrutiny
The ruling in Terry v. Ohio established that police may stop and frisk individuals based on what lower standard than probable cause?
Reasonable suspicion
The ruling in Tinker v. Des Moines established that students do not 'shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate' and that schools can only restrict speech if it causes what?
A material disruption or substantial interference