Biology key words
Cells
Basic building blocks
Tissues
Groups of cells that ahve similar structures and functions.
Organs
Groups of tissues working together to perform a specific function.
Organ system
Groups of organs working together.
Organisms
Organ systems working together to form an organism.
Pancreas
Makes amylase, lipase and protease.
Bile
Bile is a alkaline which neutralises the hydrochloric acid in the stomach and also emulsifies fat into small droplets with a large surface area.
Small intestine
Where food is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Large intestine
Where water and minerals are absorbed into the blood.
Mouth
Where food is chewed.
Salivary glands
Makes saliva
Saliva
Contains enzyme amylase which digests starch into glucose and also acts as a lubricant to help food move down the oesophagus easier.
Stomach
Churns food, release protease which digests proteins.
What happens when we breathe in air
When breathing in, air moves into the body through the mouth and nose, down the trachea, into the bronchi, through the bronchioles and into the alveoli.
Oxygen then diffuses into the blood in the network of capillaries over the surface of the alevoli
Adaptations of alveoli?
Bulgy shape which increases surface area.
The walls of the alveoli are one cell thick reducing diffusion distance.
Alveoli is covered in capillaries allowing a good blood supply allowing easier diffusion due to the higher concentration gradient.
What is blood made up of?
Red blood cells, plasma, platelets and white blood cells.
Red blood cells
Binds to oxygen and transports it around the body.
Plasma
Transports usbstances and blood cells around the body
Platelets
Form blood clots to create barriers to infections.
White blood cells
Parts of the immune system to defend the body against pathogens
What are the 3 blood vessels?
Arteries, Veins, Capillaries.
What is the function of an artery.
Carries blood away from the heart at high pressure
What is the structure of an artery?
Thick, muscular and elastic walls.
The walls can stretch and withstand high pressure.
Small lumen
What is the function of a vein?
Carries blood to the heart at low pressure.
Describe the structure of a vein?
Have valves to prevent backflow, thin walls and large lumen.
What is the function of a capillary?
Carries blood to tissues and cells.
Connects arteries and veins.
Describe the structure of a capillary?
One cells thick - short diffusion distance for substances to move between the blood and tissues e.g oxygen into cells and carbon dioxide out.
Very narrow lumen.
What is the heart made out of?
Cardiac muscle tissue.
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
What does the aorta do?
Carries oxygenated blood around the body.
What does the vena cava do?
It brings deoxygenated blood into the heart.
What does the right ventricle do?
It pumps blood to the lungs.
What does the left ventricle do?
It pumps blood around the body.
What is heart rate controlled by?
A group of cells in the right atrium that generate electrical impulses acting as a pacemaker.
Describe the pathway of blood through the circulatory system?
Deoxygenated blood -> Vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> oxygenated blood -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> the body
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