Education
What was a primary aim of the 1918 'Fisher' Education Act?
To widen access to education
Before 1870, where schools existed, who primarily provided education?
Church, charities, and private foundations
Which of these was a provision of the 1918 'Fisher' Education Act?
Scrapping fees for elementary education
Why were few nursery and continuation schools actually provided under the 1918 'Fisher' Education Act?
The Geddes Axe cuts in 1922
A key feature of the 1944 Butler Education Act was that secondary education became what?
Free and universal
Under the 1902 Education Act, what did 1,000 grammar schools agree to offer in exchange for state funding?
25% of places to non-fee students
What did the 1926 Haddow Report recommend regarding elementary schools?
They should be replaced with primary schools for ages 5-11
When was action finally taken on the recommendations of the 1926 Haddow Report?
Not until the 1944 Butler Act
Which type of school within the tripartite system was designed to provide a highly academic education, often leading to university?
Grammar schools.
A key argument against the tripartite system was the lack of 'parity of esteem' due to which factor?
Disproportionate resource allocation to grammar schools.
An argument often made in favor of grammar schools was that they provided what for many working-class families?
An opportunity for significant social advancement.
What was a primary aim of the Butler Education Act of 1944?
To make secondary education free and available to all.
A significant criticism of the 11-plus exam under the tripartite system was that it primarily favored which group of children?
Children from middle-class backgrounds.
What factor contributed to an increase in the number of students attending university?
Extra government funding for new universities.
What was a significant outcome of the introduction of the CSE examination in 1965?
It provided opportunities for pupils who previously did not sit examinations.
How did comprehensive education, as promoted by the Crosland Circular, address existing issues?
It overcame problems with selection and geographical inequalities.
By what year did the proportion of students attending comprehensive schools reach over 90 percent?
1979
What was a significant concern parents had regarding the liberal reforms introduced after the Plowden Report?
A perceived lack of discipline in schools.
What was the primary aim of the Crosland Circular issued in 1965?
To call for universal comprehensive education.
Which teaching method was strongly promoted for primary schools by the 1967 Plowden Report?
Learning through play in the early years.
What key change did the 1973 Education Act introduce regarding the school leaving age?
It raised the school leaving age to sixteen.
In 1939, what percentage of university students were educated by Oxford and Cambridge?
22% of all students
By 1962, government funding for universities in Britain had increased from £1 million in 1919 to what amount?
over £80 million
Between 1920 and 1950, what proportion did student fees fall to, as bursaries became more commonplace?
from 1/3 to 1/8
What was the approximate number of university students in 1962, following a major boost after WW2?
around 113 000 students
How many students did the University of London have in 1963?
23 000 students
Between 1900 and 1962, the proportion of 18-21 year olds attending university in Britain increased from 0.8% to what percentage?
to 4% of that age group
In 1962, local authorities were compelled to provide an allowance or 'grant' to students for what primary reason?
to enable them to concentrate on their studies
Before the 1960s, which subjects did Oxford University primarily cater to?
history, classics, and arts
From the 1950s onwards, student funding through maintenance grants served as a powerful incentive for which group to study?
Working class backgrounds
Before 1945, how did the government generally interact with the working of universities?
It did not overly interfere
Which of the following was a key development that widened opportunities in the university sector?
The Robbins Report (1963)
What was the primary method of distance learning utilized by the Open University?
Television and radio broadcasts
From which year did universities begin to receive direct funding from the government?
1919
In what year was the Open University launched, enabled by the CNAA?
1969
The Open University was primarily aimed at which demographic group?
Adults seeking qualifications
A significant impact of better access to university education was an increase in what?
Social mobility
Which statement accurately describes the government's involvement with universities before 1945?
They did not overly interfere with university operations.
Before 1945, approximately what proportion of university funds did the government provide?
Around 1/3 of funds
What did the Percy Report (1945) challenge and what did it favor?
Challenged classical education, favored science and engineering.
According to the Percy Report, why should universities be dramatically expanded?
To cater to students created by the Butler Act.
What did the Attlee government believe universities should become to support the economy?
Centers for science and engineering.
What did the Second World War highlight regarding university education?
The need for larger numbers of science graduates.
Based on the provided data, what was the approximate increase in first degrees awarded in the UK between 1960 and 1970?
Around 29,000 degrees.
What was a key finding of the Barlow Report (1946) concerning scientists?
There were too few scientists and a need for expansion.