7.2 APUSH
What was the main source of conflict between Native Americans and Europeans in the late 18th century?
Land rights—Europeans claimed sovereignty and ownership over trans-Appalachian lands, but Native nations rejected these claims.
Why did Native Americans reject U.S. claims to land after the Paris Treaty?
They had not signed the treaty and argued against U.S. military threats.
How did New York land speculators acquire more land from the Iroquois?
Through liquor and bribes, confining them to reservations and reducing them to subordinate peoples.
Which Native groups formed the Western Confederation to defend Ohio Valley lands?
Chippewas, Delawares, Ottawas, Wyandots, Shawnees, Miami, and Potawatomi.
What was the outcome of American expeditions against the Western Confederacy in 1790–91?
The Confederacy crushed U.S. forces, demonstrating strong Native resistance.
What was the Treaty of Greenville (1795)?
Agreement where Native Americans ceded most of Ohio to the U.S., accepted American sovereignty, and received payments; Britain reduced aid to Natives.
What was the significance of the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)?
U.S. forces defeated the Western Confederacy, leading directly to the Treaty of Greenville.
What migration did the Treaty of Greenville spark?
White settlers moved into Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and the future states of Indiana and Illinois.
What was the U.S. government’s policy of assimilation for Native Americans?
Encouraging Natives to become farmers, citizens, and Christians, abandoning their clan structures and traditional ways.
How did Native Americans respond to assimilation efforts?
Most rejected it, retained traditional animistic rituals, resisted missionaries, and maintained women’s political influence.
How did Native religious practices adapt during missionary efforts?
Some combined Christian ideas (like Heaven and Hell) with traditional rituals, while traditionalists demanded a full return to ancestral ways.
Why did Native women resist U.S. assimilation policies?
Women held significant political influence in their communities and did not want to be reduced to domestic roles.
Did Native American resistance stop white settlers from moving west?
No, it slowed them but did not stop migration.
How many streams of migrants moved west in the 1790s, and where did they come from?
Three streams: two from the southern states, one from New England.
Who were the southern migrants moving to Kentucky and Tennessee?
White tenant farmers and struggling non-slave-owning families seeking freedom and land.
How did land policies favor poor settlers in the southern states?
They could buy up to 1,400 acres at lower prices, though elite landowners controlled large portions.
What role did cotton play in southern migration and economy?
Cotton demand surged due to Industrial Revolution innovations, prompting new settlements and the addition of Alabama and Mississippi to the Union.
Where did New England migrants primarily move, and why?
Thousands moved west to New York and the Northwest Territory to escape overcrowding, totaling around 800,000 people.
How did eastern farms innovate during this period?
New crop choices (potatoes in New England), more efficient farm equipment, crop rotation, and year-round planting cycles boosted productivity.
How did women and girls contribute to the farm economy?
They milked cows and made butter and cheese to sell in urban markets.
What agricultural reforms did western farmers adopt?
British-style reforms: crop rotation, livestock production, and adopting year-round planting to increase efficiency.
How did westward migration affect the national farming economy?
Settling and exploiting Native lands boosted agricultural production throughout the country.
Which three Republicans from Virginia served two terms as president?
Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe.
What general policies did Jefferson and his Republican Congress pursue?
Reversed Federalist policies and actively supported westward expansion
How did Jefferson respond to the Barbary States raiding American ships?
Refused to pay bribes, sent the Navy to attack pirate ports, leading to a 4-year conflict and a peace treaty including ransom for prisoners.
What happened with the Barbary pirates again in 1815?
President Madison sent a fleet of ten warships, forcing a treaty respecting American sovereignty.
Who was John Marshall, and why was he important?
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; enacted the Federalist Judiciary Act of 1801 and later established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison.
What was Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
Supreme Court case establishing judicial review, giving the Court power to overrule acts of other government branches.
How did Jefferson and Republicans reverse Federalist policies?
Let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire, repealed the Naturalization Act waiting period, abolished internal taxes including the Whiskey Tax, and reduced the permanent army.
How did Jefferson handle the judiciary and government officials?
Repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 but retained competent officeholders
What was Jefferson’s approach to the Bank of the United States?
Tolerated it instead of dismantling it.
Who was Albert Gallatin, and what did he achieve as Secretary of Treasury?
Jefferson’s Treasury Secretary; reduced the national debt from $83 million to $45 million and managed finances without favoring northeastern creditors.
How did Jefferson balance fiscal responsibility and Republican ideals?
Cut spending, reduced debt, limited federal power, but kept effective institutions like the Bank of the U.S. and competent officials.
What type of farmers did Jefferson celebrate and support?
Yeoman farmers—independent, self-sufficient farmers.
How did Jefferson make western land more accessible?
Supported land ordinances, lowered land prices from $2 to $1.25 per acre, and allowed illegal squatters to buy land.
What was Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)?
Agreement with Spain reopening the Mississippi River for American trade and allowing export via New Orleans.
What was the Louisiana Purchase (1803)?
Purchase of French territory west of the Mississippi River for $15 million, nearly doubling the size of the U.S.
Why was the Louisiana Purchase controversial for Jefferson?
It required him to exercise powers not explicitly granted in the Constitution.
How did Napoleon’s actions in France influence the Louisiana Purchase?
Failed to restore French control in Saint-Domingue, violated Pinckney’s treaty, and offered the Louisiana Territory for sale.
Who was Aaron Burr, and how was he involved in secessionist schemes?
Jefferson’s vice president; conspired to create a separate nation in the Southwest or seize New Spain territory; later acquitted of treason.
What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition?
Jefferson wanted detailed information about Louisiana, its geography, natural resources, and Native inhabitants.
Who were the Mandan and Sioux, and how were they described by Lewis and Clark?
Mandan: horticulturalists with horses and guns, affected by smallpox, threatened by Sioux.
Sioux: buffalo hunters, acquired horses, called “pirates of the Missouri,” dominated the upper Missouri trade.
What role did Sacagawea play in the Lewis and Clark expedition?
Shoshone guide and translator, helped the expedition navigate unfamiliar territory.
What was the impact of the Lewis and Clark expedition?
Provided the first maps of the Louisiana Territory and inspired Americans to envision a continent-spanning nation.
What was the Homestead Act of 1862 (related to western expansion)?
Congress gave farmsteads to settlers for free, promoting westward settlement.