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8 Sources of endogeneity

vad är endogeneity problem och varför är det viktigt att inte ha det?

när exogeneity assumption fails, vilket behövs for ols to work. det vetyder att vi inte skulle kunna med hjälp av våra regressors, ta reda på om u är large eller small

vad är cov(X,X) detsamma som?

var(X)

vad är cov(X,a)?

= 0

om det varit X,aY hade man kunnat flytta ut a och haft a•cov(X,Y)

hur kan man skriva om:
var(aX)

a^2 • var(X)

if exog. assu. holds we say that the covariance between x and u is 0.
if there is correlation(covariance), exog. assu. does nor hold.

but what can't we say?

if exogen. assu. does not hold, we cant say that there is correlation (cov) between u and x, since there are more assumtions that couldve broken the assumption

omitted variables is a souce of endogeneity, why?

se have omitted imoortant variables that have effect on Y and correlates with x1. the effect end up in u and breaks the exog. assu.

how can we solve it?

by adding it as a control variable to the model

what is the long vs short model?

long model controls for X2
short model have omitted variablds in u.

B1 for X1 will not be the same between the long and short model

what is the formula for B1^?

= B1^ + ( côv(x1,x2) / vâr(x1) ) • B2^

suppose we dont have enough data to estimate the long model, so we ha e to go with the short one. what would u be?

u would contain the total effetct of X2. dvs u = B2x2

nämn two forms of misneasurement

over/underestimate with the correct sign

estimating the wrong sign

the formula for calculatibg B1^, what assumptions are needed to allow us to ganska precist characterise the mismeasurement from choosing the short model?

exog. assu.

large sample

when we increase n, estimation error goes goes down, but what happens with bias?

det finns fortfarande kvar trots att vi fått bort estimation error

what is the reason behind OV bias in the endogeneity problem?

we have omitted imortant controll variables that are correlated with the variable of interest and that have its own effect (B2) on the outcome variable.

hur ser graphen ut om det gäller dummy variables och observation?

det är två raka linjer med dots, en linje vid 0 och en vid värdet 1 på x-axeln

vad är formeln för att beräkna B1^ vid Ov-bias i dummy variabler?

B1^= B1 + ( E[Y| dummy=1] - E[Y| dummy=0] ) • B2^

varför uppstår OV bias med dummy?

för att the two groups (0,1) differ along other dimensions other than just the variable of interest, which can happen if there is a confounding variable

vad är measurement error?

the difference between the true value and the measurement

vad är proxy variable?

när vi har ex. ability som vi inte kan samla in data på, men så har vi IQ som reklekterar lite av det vi vill ha reda på. då kan vi använda IQ som en proxy variable och run a regression med den för att fånga lite av ability. så en proxy measures the unobserved ability, but also randomness. we therefore say that we have replaced the regressor with a messurement (proxy)

hur noteras proxy variable?

med en *

what is the exog. assun. for the estimated model with a proxy?

E[u| x1*] = 0

vad behöver u vara i den estimated model för att den vanliga och den estimated modellen ska vara compatible? och vad säger var(W)>0

u = -B1W+u

det säger att measurenent error exists


vi ser att om W≠0 så har vi ett problem att u inte är lika med varandra och vi har ett endogeneity problem, då u kan be predicted by loooking at x1*. då exogen. assu. ≠0

så vilken model är det bi kan kontatera har ett endogeneity problem?

the edtimated model

vad är de 3 assumptions for classical measurement error?

1) E[W]=0, so on average x1* messures x1 correctly

2) W is independent of u and x1, so there is no systematic mismeasurement


3) var(W) > 0 which rules out the case where W is always 0. this tells us that measurement error exists.

vilken av the causal (vanliga) och estimated model är the short and long model?

causal is the long model while the estimated model is short since it includes the prixy variable without accounting and showing that there is a measuremnt error

what is the exo. assum. for the long model(causal model) och vad är lösningen?

E[u| x*, w] = 0

E[u| x1+W, W] = 0


we know due to the 2) assumption that W is useless and independent fron x1 and u, so


E[u|x1]=0 so the exogeneity assumption for the two regressors E[u|x1,w]=0 is SATISFIED

what is the fomula for B1^ with proxy?

B1^ = B1 + ( cov(x1*,w) / var(x1*) ) • B2

where B2 = -B1


= ( var(w) / var(x1) + var(w) ) • B1

vad är attentuation bias? nör dyker det upp och vad betyder det?

det är en scaling factor som minskar the causal effect.
är ett värde mellan 0-1 och kan inte göra så att B1 byter sign.

the effect that we are estimating is less strong than the true causal effect

vad är ett annat ord för attentiation bias?

bias toward zero since we are scaling and moving towards zero

if we dont observe the variable of interest and replace it by a proxy variable that is imprecise, ...

then we will estimate a B^ that is bised toward zero. (underestimate eith the correct sign)

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