chapter 22
this process provides O2, removes CO2, regulates pH of blood, controls temp and water, and allows for smelling and sound production
respiration
what is pulmonary ventilation (aka breathing)
air in/out lungs
during transport of respiratory gases, blood transports CO2 from ____ to _______
tissue cells, lungs
during transport of respiratory gases, blood moves O2 from ____ to ______
lungs, tissue cells
in what type of respiration does O2 move from lungs to blood and CO2 move from blood to lungs
external respiration
internal respiration is:
O2 from blood to tissue cells
CO2 from tissue cells to blood
the gas exchange of internal respiration CO2 is ____ and O2 is ___
high, low
what structure is the airway for respiration while warming, moistening, and filtering air
the nose
what 3 sphincters are within the larynx
true and false vocal cords, and aryepiglottic sphincter
what are 5 things that happen in Valsalva Maneuver
-glottis is closed
-abdominal muscles contract
-abdominal pressure increases
-stables lower body while lifting
-empties rectum
when smoking, this proccess is a reflex to prevent buildup of mucus
coughing
should smokers take cough medicine
no no no
what are the 4 bronchi structures in the conducting zone
- left and right
- lobar
- segmental
- terminal
these cells are also called "non-ciliated bronchiolar secretory cells"
clara cells
what is the function of the protein secreted from clara cells
clara cell secretory protein, breaks down mucous
during normal quiet inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm
descends
during normal quiet inspiration, these 2 volumes increase
thoracic cavity and intrapulmonary
what are the 5 anterior muscles that increase thoracic volume
scalenes
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
rectus abdominus
what are the 3 posterior muscles that increase thoracic volume
serratus posterior superior
transverse thoracic
serratus posterior inferior
during quiet expiration, what happens to the external intercostal muscles
they relax
____ takes over at the terminal bronchioles when air flow stops
diffusion
in what bronchi does the greatest resistance to airflow occur
medium sized brocnhi
____ reduces surface tension and prevents alveoli from collapsing
surfactant
what is IRDS (infant resp. distress syndrome)
when premies dont have surfactant in alveloi and are at risk of their alveoli collapsing
what are the 2 determining factors of lung compliance
distensibility (stretching) of lung tissue
alveolar surface tension
what month of fetal development is critical for alveolar surface tension
seventh month
what disorder is a concern for premature babies and puts twins at high risk if the mother is diabetic
Surfactant deficiency disorder
if the second twin is developing surfactant deficiency disorder, what % is the risk at 26-28 weeks
50%
when does the risk for the second twin to get SDD drop to 25%
30-31 weeks
what is the treatment for SDD
glutocorticoid to the mother to stimulate production of surfactant
COPD, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, and asthma are examples of:
obstructive disorders
to be considered an obstructive disease, the FEV1/FVC ratio has to be less than:
70%
interstitial lung disease, sarcoidosis, marked obesity, muscular dystrophy, and ALS are examples of:
restrictive diseases
the FEV1/FVC ratio in people who have restrictive diseases is:
normal !
slow, deep breathing _____ AVR, while rapid, shallow breathing ______ AVR
increases, decreases
the atmosphere contains mostly O2 and N while alveoli contain more of:
CO2 and water vapour
the differences of gases in the atmosphere and alveoli result from what 3 things:
gas exchange in lungs
humidification of air
mixing of alveolar gas
partial pressure gradients, alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood perfusion, and structural characteristics are all factors that...
influence movement of O2 and CO2 across resp. membrane in external respiration pulmonary gas exchange
______ allows O2 partial pressuere to reach equilibrium quickly (0.25s)
steep gradient
this gas has low partial pressure and is 20x more soluble in plasma
CO2
blood moves 3x faster through what structure
pulmonary capillaries
_____ is the blood flow reaching alveoli, while _____ is gas reaching alveoli
perfusion, ventilation
in mm Hg, what is the PO2 gradient from the alveoli to capillaries during external respiration
140 mmHg to 40 mmHg
what is the result of the respiratory membrane thickening when a subject has pneumonia
gas exchange is inadequate
O2 deprived
during internal respiration, what is the PCO2 gradient from the tissues to the capillaries
45mm Hg to 40 mmHg
the pigment, heme, in hemoglobin contains what atom in the center
an atom of iron
how many molecules of oxygen can a molecule of hemoglobin can carry
1-4
a hemoglobin molecule has 4 subunits. what makes up a subunit
1 heme and 1 globin protein
how many molecules of O2 can 1 RBC bind to
1 billion
what are 2 ways in which O2 can be carried in blood
binding to Hb in RBC
dissolved in plasma
Hb affinity for O2 _____ when saturation increases
increases
what is the allosteric effect
when the 1st O2 binds, Hb changes shape and allows uptake of another O2
what factors regulate the rate that hemoglobin binds and releases O2
PO2, PCO2, temp, blood pH, and [BPG]
what does it mean when an Hb is saturated
all 4 hemes bind with an O2
what are the 3 characteristics of asthma
dyspnea, wheezing, and tight chest
hemoglobin is almost completely saturated at what volume
when PO2=70mm Hg
what causes a decrease in Hb affinity for O2 (curve shifting right)
increased temp, increased PCO2, decreased pH
what are the 3 forms in which CO2 is trasnposrted into the blood
1. dissolved in plasma
2. chemically-bound to Hb
3. bicarbonate ion in plasma
what is the haldane effect
lower PO2 and Hb saturation with O2, the more CO2 can be carried in the blood
what are 4 buffering systems in the body that regulate pH levels in blood
bicarbonate, phosphate, Hb, protein
what accounts for 10% of your drive to breath
hypoxic drive
in an airplane unpressurized cabin that is higher than _____ft, you will lose conciousness
12 500
patients with what disorder are chronically elevated PCO2 levels are dependent on hypoxic drive
COPD
what type of pressure is always negative
intrapleural