PE Chp.1
Which body type is characterized by a rounded body shape and a tendency to store fat?
Endomorph
Which energy system is characterized by a short provision time (less than 10 seconds), high power output, and absence of lactate formation?
ATP-PC system
A single, long, relatively unbranched process projecting from a neurone's cell body that transmits nerve impulses away.
Axon
An energy-rich compound in muscle used to produce ATP from ADP, with its breakdown coupled to ATP synthesis.
Phosphocreatine (PC)
What is the process called when oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out in the lungs?
External respiration
Muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens due to resisted load.
Eccentric contraction
A tough and flexible connective tissue which lacks nerves and blood vessels, healing slowly after damage.
Cartilage
During strenuous exercise, what percentage of blood flow is directed to the muscles?
85%
The volume of air inspired into or expired from the lungs during each breath, increasing dramatically during exercise.
Tidal volume
A measurement of the volume of air inspired into and expired from the lungs during ventilation, using a spirometer.
Spirometry
The maximum amount of oxygen a person can extract from the atmosphere, transport, and use in muscle fibres during progressively increasing intensity until exhaustion.
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart per beat.
Stroke volume
The lactic acid system primarily supplies energy for high-intensity exercise lasting approximately how long?
1 to 2 minutes
According to the Department of Health, what is considered a normal BMI range for Asian adults?
Between 18.5 and 22.9
Which physiological characteristic is common in childhood regarding bones and joints?
Shallow glenoid fossa with thin and loose ligaments
The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid and generating ATP from ADP.
Glycolysis
Which division of the motor nerve system controls involuntary actions, such as regulating smooth muscle organs and endocrine glands?
Autonomic nervous system
How many pieces of bones are typically found in an adult's skeletal system?
206
In adulthood, starting from age 30, the functions of human organs decline at an approximate rate of:
1% each year
During which stage of development do muscles typically develop faster in vertical dimension, followed by significant enlargement in horizontal dimension?
Adolescence
Which structure prevents food and drink from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing?
Epiglottis
Neurons that send signals from sensory receptors to the Central Nervous System are called:
Sensory (afferent) Neurons
A collection of neurone cell bodies located outside the central nervous system.
Ganglion
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Regulating body temperature
Which part of the brain is responsible for thinking, memorizing, reasoning, and performing abstract mental functions?
Cerebrum
Which muscle fibres are characterized by high oxidative (aerobic) and low glycolytic (anaerobic) metabolic capacity, suited for endurance activities?
Slow-twitch muscle fibres (Type I)
Which body type is generally taller and more muscular?
Mesomorph
A lipid-related compound, with low-density (LDL) considered harmful and high-density (HDL) considered beneficial.
Cholesterol
The vertebral column is divided into five major regions. Which region consists of 12 vertebrae?
Thoracic
Overweight in students aged 18 years or above is defined by a BMI value in which range?
Between 23 and 24.9
A band of tough, non-elastic, fibrous connective tissue binding bones together, strengthening joints, and limiting their movements.
Ligament
Muscle contraction where the muscle shortens and produces body movement.
Concentric contraction
What is the primary function of the brainstem?
Regulating breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
A single multinucleated muscle cell containing myofibrils, serving as a basic unit for muscle contraction and reaching lengths up to 35 cm.
Muscle fibre
Referred to as the powerhouse of the cell where aerobic respiration takes place, producing a large amount of ATP, with a heavily folded inner membrane.
Mitochondrion
Which type of muscle is found only in the heart, is involuntary, striated, and branched?
Cardiac muscles
A substance present in food that the body uses to promote normal growth, maintain health, and repair, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and water.
Nutrient
A highly branched polysaccharide stored in muscle or liver, a vital metabolic fuel during heavy and prolonged exercise.
Glycogen
What is the primary function of veins, with the exception of the pulmonary vein?
Carrying deoxygenated blood to the heart
What percentage of total daily energy expenditure does basal or resting metabolism account for?
60% to 75%
The part of the brain that regulates all bodily movements of voluntary muscles and maintains balance.
Cerebellum
Which node is known as the pacemaker of the heart, determining the rhythm of contractions?
Sinoatrial Node (SA)
A complex organic compound formed from the addition of a phosphate group (Pi) onto adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serving as the direct energy source for cells.
Adenosine triphosphate
Which of the following describes compact bone?
A hard bone that forms the surface layer
Skeletal muscle that is under conscious control and moves parts of the skeleton, such as an arm.
Voluntary muscle
What happens to the heart and cerebral arteries in adulthood as blood cholesterol concentration increases?
They become more prone to atherosclerosis
The jelly-like part outside the nucleus of a cell, comprising 90% water and various organelles.
Cytoplasm
A band of connective tissues connecting a muscle to a bone, primarily composed of parallel collagen fibres providing elasticity.
Tendon
Which part of the heart acts as the forceful pumps, moving blood out of the heart?
Ventricles
A biochemical measurement of exercise intensity, typically dissolving in the blood, with concentrations varying from 1-2 mmol/L at rest to 6-7 mmol/L at maximal exercise.
Lactate
A fluid-containing joint cavity separating articulating bones, covered by a synovial membrane, with fluid to reduce friction.
Synovial cavity
The process of fibrous tissues or cartilage developing into bones.
Ossification
The basic structure and functional unit of the nervous system.
Nerve Cell (Neuron)
A body type classification system categorizing individuals into three visual body shapes.
Somatotyping
Tissue found throughout the body, supporting, storing, and protecting, including bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Connective tissue
What characteristic describes the ability of muscles to return to their normal resting length after stretching?
Elasticity
Which type of neuron communicates between sensory and motor neurons?
Associative (interneurons)
The blood-forming tissue found within the internal cavities of bones.
Red bone marrow
Which energy system uses glucose or fat as main sources and produces carbon dioxide and water as metabolites?
Aerobic system
A system of blind-ending vessels draining excess tissue fluid, containing lymph nodes that remove foreign bodies and produce antibodies.
Lymphatic system
Which type of joint allows no movement and is exemplified by the human skull?
Fibrous joint
Chemical messengers produced in endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to regulate specific body functions.
Hormone
Which stage of development is characterized by rapid growth of bones and teeth and quick development of intellectual skills?
Childhood
Body fluid located outside cells, containing blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
Extracellular fluid
Muscle contraction where no body movement is produced and the muscle's length remains the same.
Isometric contraction
A short branching process of a neurone that receives and transmits nerve impulses towards the cell body.
Dendrite
The maximum volume of air forcefully expired after maximal inspiration, varying from 3.5 to 6 litres at rest.
Vital capacity